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This new study argues that the religious attitude of the Roman army was a crucial factor in the Christianization of the Roman world. Specifically, by the end of the third century, there was a significant Christian presence within the army which was ready to act in the interests of the faith. Conditions at this time were thus ripe for the coming to power of a Christian emperor: when Constantine converted to Christianity he could rely upon the enthusiastic support of his Christian soldiers. Constantine strengthened his Christian base by initiating policies which accelerated the Christianization of the army. The continuation of these policies by Christian Roman emperors eventually allowed them to use the military as a vehicle for the suppression of paganism and ‘heretical’ Christian sects.
John F. Shean, Ph.D. (1998) in History, University of Wisconsin-Madison, is Associate Professor of History at LaGuardia Community College, City University of New York. He has published several articles on religion and politics in antiquity.
List of Illustrations ... ixPreface ... xiAcknowledgements ... xiiiAbbreviations ... xvChapter One Introduction: The Warrior’s Path to God ... 1Chapter Two Roman Army Religion ... 31Chapter Three Christian Attitudes towards the Roman State, War, and Military Service ... 71Chapter Four Sociology of Early Christianity ... 105Chapter Five Evidence for the Presence of Christians in the Roman Army ... 177Chapter Six The Thirteenth Apostle ... 217Chapter Seven Church and State in the Fourth Century ... 279Chapter Eight The Impact of ‘Barbarization’ on the Roman Army ... 327Chapter Nine Consequences of Conversion ... 369Table 1 ... 409Bibliography ... 415Index ... 439
"Shean has provided a much-needed monograph on the development of Christianity within the Roman army, the role it played in the conversion of the Empire, and the ultimate Christianization of Europe." - Dennis P. Quinn, California State Polytechnic University, in: Religious Studies Review, vol. 37 nr. 2 (2011)