Optical and Microwave Technologies for Telecommunication Networks

Otto Strobel, Esslingen University of Applied Sciences, GermanyOtto Strobel has worked for many years in R&D and consultancy for companies including Daimler, Alcatel-Lucent (now Bell Labs Germany), HP (now Agilent), Siemens, and Diehl Aerospace. He currently teaches physics, optoelectronics, optical communication, optical buses in automotive applications and optical sensors at the Esslingen University of Applied Sciences.

• Preface xi 1 Introduction 12 Optical and Microwave Fundamentals 112.1 Free Space Propagation of Electromagnetic Waves 112.2 Interference 162.3 Coherence 172.4 Polarization 212.5 Refraction and Reflection 272.6 Diffraction 313 Optical Fibers 353.1 Attenuation in Glass Fibers 473.1.1 Attenuation Mechanisms in Glass Fibers 483.1.2 Attenuation Measurement Techniques 513.2 Dispersions in Fibers 553.2.1 Dispersion Mechanisms in Fibers 563.2.2 Polarization Mode Dispersion in Single-Mode Fibers 633.2.3 Joint Action of Dispersion Mechanisms 653.2.4 Dispersion Measurement Techniques 683.2.5 Partial Dispersion Suppression by Soliton Transmission in Single-Mode Fibers 704 Fiber Manufacturing, Cabling and Coupling 754.1 Fiber Manufacturing 754.1.1 Preparation of a Preform 754.1.2 Fiber Drawing 824.1.3 Mechanical Properties of Optical Fibers 834.1.4 Alternative Fiber Manufacturing Processes 854.2 Fiber Cabling 864.2.1 Fibers for Telecom and Data Networks 864.2.2 Cables: Applications, Operating Conditions and Requirements 944.2.3 Fiber Protection and Identification in Cables 1004.2.4 Indoor Cables 1084.2.5 Duct Cables 1114.2.6 Aerial Cables 1164.2.7 Optical Ground Wires 1174.2.8 Fiber Cabling Summary 1194.3 Coupling Elements for Fiber-Optic Systems 1194.3.1 Light Source-to-Fiber Coupling 1204.3.2 Fiber-to-Fiber Coupling 1264.3.3 Fiber-Optic Splices 1304.3.4 Fiber-Optic Connectors 1314.3.5 Fiber-Optic Couplers 1334.3.6 Fiber-Optic Switches 1374.3.7 Fiber-to-Detector Coupling 1375 Integrated-Optic Components 1395.1 Integrated-Optic Waveguides 1405.2 Integrated-Optic Modulators 1415.3 Integrated-Optic Polarizers 1455.4 Integrated-Optic Filters 1465.5 Losses in Integrated-Optic Devices 1486 Optical Light Sources and Drains 1496.1 Semiconductor Light Sources 1546.1.1 Light Emitting Diodes 1566.1.2 Semiconductor Lasers 1606.1.3 Organic Lasers 1856.2 Semiconductor Light Drains 1856.2.1 Types of Photodiodes 1887 Optical Transmitter and Receiver Circuit Design 1977.1 Optical Transmitter Circuit Design 1977.2 Optical Receiver Circuit Design 1997.2.1 Receiver Circuit Concepts 2017.2.2 Noise in Optical Receivers 2068 Fiber-Optic Amplifiers 2098.1 Erbium Doped Fiber Amplifiers 2098.2 Fiber Raman Amplifiers 2119 Fiber- and Wireless-Optic Data Transmission 2159.1 Direct Transmission Systems as Point-to-Point Connections 2179.1.1 Unidirectional, Bidirectional and Multichannel Systems 2259.2 Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplex (OFDM) Systems 2279.2.1 Approaches to Increase Channel Capacity 2279.2.2 Fundamentals of OFDM 2299.2.3 Implementation Options for Coherent Optical OFDM 2309.2.4 Nyquist Pulse Shaping as an Alternative to OFDM Systems 2329.3 Optical Satellite Communications 2339.3.1 Applications of Optical Satellite Communications 2349.3.2 Channel Characteristics and Technical Issues 2369.4 Coherent Transmission Systems 2419.4.1 Main Principle of Coherent Transmission 2419.4.2 System Components 2459.4.3 Modulation Methods for Coherent Transmission Systems 2479.4.4 Detection and Demodulation Methods for Coherent Transmission Systems 2489.5 Top Results on Fiber-Optic Transmission Capacity for High-Speed Long Distance 2519.6 Optical Fibers in Automation Technology 2559.6.1 Optical Fiber Cables 2559.6.2 Connectors 2579.6.3 Network and Network Components 25710 Last Mile Systems, In-House-Networks, LAN- and MAN-Applications 26310.1 Last Mile Systems 26910.1.1 Special Case of Access Network 27010.1.2 Fiber Access Networks 27110.1.3 FTTB Networks 27510.1.4 Point-to-Point FTTH Networks 27710.1.5 Passive Optical Networks (PON) 28010.1.6 WDM-PON Networks 28510.1.7 Upgrade and Migration Issues in FTTH Networks 28610.1.8 Passive Fiber Plant 28810.1.9 Development and standardization of FTTH technologies 29710.1.10 Active Equipment 30010.1.11 Conclusions 30510.2 Polymer Optical Fibers, POF 30610.2.1 Basics of POF 30610.2.2 Techniques for Data Transmission over POF 31210.2.3 In-House Communications 31910.2.4 Communications in Transportation Systems: From Automotive to Spatial 32110.2.5 Standardization Activities 32510.3 Radio over Fiber (RoF) Systems 32810.3.1 Key Enabling Technologies 33110.3.2 RoF Land Network Design 33710.3.3 Case Study of the Proposed Design Framework 34410.3.4 Conclusions 34910.4 Free Space Optical Communications 34910.4.1 FSO under Turbulence Conditions 35210.4.2 System Set-up 35610.4.3 System Performance under Weak Turbulence 35810.4.4 FSO Link Evaluation 36110.4.5 Relation to Outdoor FSO Link 36310.4.6 FSO under Fog Conditions 36410.4.7 Characterization of Fog and Smoke Attenuation in a Laboratory Chamber 36610.4.8 Fog and Smoke Channel – Experiment Set-up 36710.4.9 Results and Discussion 36910.4.10 Conclusions 37610.5 WLAN Systems and Fiber Networks 37710.5.1 A Historical Perspective on IEEE 802.11 WLANs 38010.5.2 Relevant Operating Principles of WLAN Systems 38610.5.3 Hybrid Fiber-Wireless Network Architectures: Wi-Fi-based FiWi Architectures 39210.6 Energy Efficiency Aspects in Optical Access and Core Networks 39910.6.1 Energy Efficiency in Current and Next Generation Optical Access Networks 39910.6.2 Energy Efficient Time Division Multiplexed Passive Optical Networks 40010.6.3 Energy Efficient Time and Wavelength Division Multiplexed Passive Optical Networks 40610.6.4 Spectral and Energy Efficiency Considerations in Single Rate WDM Networks with Signal Quality Guarantee 41310.6.5 Spectral versus Energy Efficiency in Mixed-Line Rate WDM Systems with Signal Quality Guarantee 42010.6.6 Results and Discussion 42311 Optical Data-Bus and Microwave Systems for Automotive Application in Vehicles, Airplanes and Ships 42711.1 Communication in Transportation Systems 42711.1.1 Communication Needs in Transportation Systems 42811.1.2 Communication with Transportation Systems 43311.1.3 Hybrid Networks for use in Transportation Systems 43511.2 Radar for Transportation Systems 43811.2.1 ARVS Main Features 44111.2.2 Features of ARVS Equipment Construction 44611.2.3 Main Tasks and Processing Methods of Radar Data in the ARVS 45511.2.4 Main Problems and Tasks of ARVS Development 46011.2.5 Conclusions 461References 463Index 497