Negative Emissions Technologies and Reliable Sequestration

To achieve goals for climate and economic growth, "negative emissions technologies" (NETs) that remove and sequester carbon dioxide from the air will need to play a significant role in mitigating climate change. Unlike carbon capture and storage technologies that remove carbon dioxide emissions directly from large point sources such as coal power plants, NETs remove carbon dioxide directly from the atmosphere or enhance natural carbon sinks. Storing the carbon dioxide from NETs has the same impact on the atmosphere and climate as simultaneously preventing an equal amount of carbon dioxide from being emitted. Recent analyses found that deploying NETs may be less expensive and less disruptive than reducing some emissions, such as a substantial portion of agricultural and land-use emissions and some transportation emissions. In 2015, the National Academies published Climate Intervention: Carbon Dioxide Removal and Reliable Sequestration, which described and initially assessed NETs and sequestration technologies. This report acknowledged the relative paucity of research on NETs and recommended development of a research agenda that covers all aspects of NETs from fundamental science to full-scale deployment. To address this need, Negative Emissions Technologies and Reliable Sequestration: A Research Agenda assesses the benefits, risks, and "sustainable scale potential" for NETs and sequestration. This report also defines the essential components of a research and development program, including its estimated costs and potential impact. Table of Contents Front Matter Summary 1 Introduction 2 Coastal Blue Carbon 3 Terrestrial Carbon Removal and Sequestration 4 Bioenergy with Carbon Capture and Sequestration 5 Direct Air Capture 6 Carbon Mineralization of CO2 7 Sequestration of Supercritical CO2 in Deep Sedimentary Geological Formations 8 Synthesis Glossary Acronyms and Abbreviations References Appendix A: Committee Bios Appendix B: Disclosure of Conflict of Interest Appendix C: Coastal Blue Carbon:Macroalgae Appendix D: CO2 Flux Calculation Appendix E: Carbon Mineralization Appendix F: Geologic Storage