Jawetz Melnick & Adelbergs Medical Microbiology 28 E

McGraw-Hill authors represent the leading experts in their fields and are dedicated to improving the lives, careers, and interests of readers worldwide Associate Professor Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine Pittsburgh Adjunct Associate Professor of MicrobiologyArizona School of Dentistry and Oral Health Mesa, Arizona McGraw-Hill authors represent the leading experts in their fields and are dedicated to improving the lives, careers, and interests of readers worldwide

• Preface Section I Fundamentals of Microbiology 1. The Science of Microbiology Introduction Biologic Principles Illustrated by Microbiology Viruses Prions Prokaryotes Protists Chapter Summary Review Questions 2. Cell Structure Optical Methods Eukaryotic Cell Structure Prokaryotic Cell Structure Staining Morphologic Changes During Growth Chapter Summary Review Questions 3. Classification of Bacteria Taxonomy—The Vocabulary of Medical Microbiology Criteria for Identification of Bacteria Classification Systems Description of the Major Categories and Groups of Bacteria Nonculture Methods for the Identification of Pathogenic Microorganisms Updates to Taxonomic Changes Objectives Review Questions 4. Growth, Survival, and Death of Microorganisms Survival of Microorganisms in the Natural Environment The Meaning of Growth Exponential Growth The Growth Curve in Batch Culture Maintenance of Cells in the Exponential Phase Growth in Biofilms Definition and Measurement of Death Environmental Control of Microbial Growth Strategies to Control Bacteria at the Environmental Level General Mechanisms of Biocide Action Specific Actions of Selected Biocides Relationship of Biocide Concentration and Time on Antimicrobial Killing Summary Key Concepts Review Questions 5. Cultivation of Microorganisms Requirements for Growth Sources of Metabolic Energy Nutrition Environmental Factors Affecting Growth Cultivation Methods Chapter Summary Review Questions 6. Microbial Metabolism Role of Metabolism in Biosynthesis and Growth Focal Metabolites and Their Interconversion Assimilatory Pathways Biosynthetic Pathways Patterns of Microbial Energy-Yielding Metabolism Regulation of Metabolic Pathways Chapter Summary Review Questions 7. Microbial Genetics Nucleic Acids and Their Organization in Eukaryotic, Prokaryotic, and Viral Genomes Replication Transfer of DNA Mutation and Gene Rearrangement Gene Expression Genetic Engineering Characterization of Cloned DNA Site-Directed Mutagenesis Analysis of DNA, RNA, or Protein-Expressing Clones Manipulation of Cloned DNA Chapter Summary Review Questions Section II Immunology 8. Immunology Overview Innate Immunity Adaptive Immunity Complement Cytokines Microbiome and Immune System Hypersensitivity Defects of the Immune Response Tumor Immunology Clinical Immunology Laboratory (Diagnostic Testing) Chapter Summary Review Questions Section III Bacteriology 9. Pathogenesis of Bacterial Infection Identifying Bacteria That Cause Disease Transmission of Infection The Infectious Process Genomics and Bacterial Pathogenicity Regulation of Bacterial Virulence Factors Bacterial Virulence Factors The Damage-Response Framework—A New Paradigm of Microbial Virulence and Pathogenicity Chapter Summary Review Questions 10. Normal Human Microbiota Human Microbiome Project Role of the Resident Microbiota Normal Microbiota of the Skin Normal Microbiota of the Mouth and Upper Respiratory Tract Normal Microbiota of the Urethra Normal Microbiota of the Vagina Normal Microbiota of the Placenta and Uterus Normal Microbiota of the Conjunctiva Chapter Summary Review Questions 11. Spore-Forming Gram-Positive Bacilli: Bacillus and Clostridium Species Bacillus species Bacillus anthracis Bacillus cereus Clostridium species Clostridium botulinum Clostridium tetani Clostridia That Produce Invasive Infections Clostridium difficile and Diarrheal Disease Review Questions 12. Aerobic Non–Spore-Forming Gram-Positive Bacilli: Corynebacterium, Listeria, Erysipelothrix, Nocardia, and Related Pathogens Corynebacterium diphtheriae Other Coryneform Bacteria Listeria monocytogenes Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae Rhodococcus equi Nocardiosis Review Questions 13. The Staphylococci Chapter Summary Review Questions 14. The Streptococci, Enterococci, and Related Genera Classification of Streptococci Streptococci, Enterococci, and Related Genera of Particular Medical Interest Streptococcus pyogenes Streptococcus agalactiae Groups C and G Group D Streptococci Streptococcus anginosus Group Groups E, F, G, H, and K–U Streptococci Viridans Streptococci Nutritionally Variant Streptococci Peptostreptococcus and Related Genera Streptococcus pneumoniae Enterococci Other Catalase-Negative Gram-Positive Cocci Review Questions 15. Enteric Gram-Negative Rods (Enterobacteriaceae) Classification Diseases Caused by Enterobacteriaceae Other Than Salmonella and Shigella The Shigellae The Salmonellae Chapter Summary Review Questions 16. Pseudomonas, Acinetobacter, Burkholderia, and Stenotrophomonas The Pseudomonad Group Pseudomonas aeruginosa Burkholderia pseudomallei and Burkholderia mallei Burkholderia cepacia Complex Stenotrophomonas maltophilia Acinetobacter Chapter Summary Review Questions 17. Vibrio, Aeromonas, Campylobacter, and Helicobacter The Vibrios Vibrio cholerae Vibrio parahaemolyticus and Vibrio vulnificus Aeromonas species Campylobacter Campylobacter jejuni Helicobacter pylori Chapter Summary Review Questions 18. Haemophilus, Bordetella, Brucella, and Francisella The Haemophilus species Haemophilus influenzae Haemophilus aegypticus Aggregatibacter aphrophilus Haemophilus ducreyi Other Haemophilus Species The Bordetellae Bordetella pertussis Bordetella parapertussis Bordetella bronchiseptica Francisella tularensis and Tularemia Review Questions 19. Yersinia and Pasteurella Yersinia pestis and Plague Yersinia enterocolitica and Yersinia pseudotuberculosis Pasteurella multocida Chapter Summary Review Questions 20. The Neisseriae Neisseria gonorrhoeae Neisseria meningitidis Other Neisseriae Chapter Summary Review Questions 21. Infections Caused by Anaerobic Bacteria Physiology and Growth Conditions for Anaerobes Anaerobic Bacteria Found in Human Infections Bacteria That Cause Vaginosis Gardnerella vaginalis Pathogenesis of Anaerobic Infections The Polymicrobial Nature of Anaerobic Infections Diagnosis of Anaerobic Infections Treatment of Anaerobic Infections Chapter Summary Review Questions 22. Legionella, Bartonella, and Unusual Bacterial Pathogens Legionella pneumophila and Other Legionellae Bartonella Streptobacillus moniliformis Whipple Disease Review Questions 23. Mycobacteria Mycobacterium tuberculosis Other Mycobacterium Mycobacterium leprae Review Questions 24. Spirochetes: Treponema, Borrelia, and Leptospira Treponema pallidum and Syphilis Borrelia Borrelia species and Relapsing Fever Borrelia burgdorferi and Lyme Disease Leptospira and Leptospirosis Chapter Summary Review Questions 25. Mycoplasmas and Cell Wall–Defective Bacteria Mycoplasmas Mycoplasma pneumoniae and Atypical Pneumonias Mycoplasma hominis Ureaplasma urealyticum Mycoplasma genitalium Chapter Summary Review Questions 26. Rickettsia and Related Genera General Rickettsia and Orientia Ehrlichia and Anaplasma Coxiella burnetii Review Questions 27. Chlamydia spp. Chlamydia trachomatis Ocular, Genital, and Respiratory Infections Trachoma Chlamydia trachomatis Genital Infections and Inclusion Conjunctivitis Chlamydia trachomatis and Neonatal Pneumonia Lymphogranuloma Venereum Chlamydia pneumoniae and Respiratory Infections Chlamydia psittaci and Psittacosis Chapter Summary Review Questions 28. Antimicrobial Chemotherapy Mechanisms of Action of Antimicrobial Drugs Selective Toxicity Inhibition of Cell Wall Synthesis Inhibition/Alteration of Cell Membrane Function Inhibition of Protein Synthesis Inhibition of Nucleic Acid Synthesis Resistance to Antimicrobial Drugs Origin of Drug Resistance Cross-Resistance Limitation of Drug Resistance Clinical Implications of Drug Resistance Antimicrobial Activity in vitro Factors Affecting Antimicrobial Activity Measurement of Antimicrobial Activity Antimicrobial Activity in vivo Drug–Pathogen Relationships Host–Pathogen Relationships Clinical Use of Antibiotics Selection of Antibiotics Dangers of Indiscriminate Use Antimicrobial Drugs Used in Combination Antimicrobial Chemoprophylaxis Antimicrobial Drugs For Systemic Administration Penicillins Cephalosporins Other β-Lactam Drugs Tetracyclines Glycylcyclines Chloramphenicol Macrolides Clindamycin and Lincomycin Glycopeptides, Lipopeptides, Lipoglycopeptides Streptogramins Oxazolidinones Bacitracin Polymyxins Aminoglycosides Quinolones Sulfonamides and Trimethoprim Other Drugs With Specialized Uses Drugs Used Primarily to Treat Mycobacterial Infections Review Questions Section IV Virology 29. General Properties of Viruses Terms and Definitions in Virology Evolutionary Origin of Viruses Classification of Viruses Principles of Virus Structure Chemical Composition of Viruses Cultivation and Detection of Viruses Purification and Identification of Viruses Laboratory Safety Reaction to Physical and Chemical Agents Replication of Viruses: An Overview Genetics of Animal Viruses Natural History (Ecology) and Modes of Transmission of Viruses Chapter Summary Review Questions 30. Pathogenesis and Control of Viral Diseases Principles of Viral Diseases Pathogenesis of Viral Diseases Prevention and Treatment of Viral Infections Chapter Summary Review Questions 31. Parvoviruses Properties of Parvoviruses Parvovirus Infections in Humans Chapter Summary Review Questions 32. Adenoviruses Properties of Adenoviruses Adenovirus Infections in Humans Chapter Summary Review Questions 33. Herpesviruses Properties of Herpesviruses Herpesvirus Infections in Humans Herpes Simplex Viruses Varicella-Zoster Virus Epstein-Barr Virus Cytomegalovirus Human Herpesvirus 6 Human Herpesvirus 7 Human Herpesvirus 8 Herpes B Virus Chapter Summary Review Questions 34. Poxviruses Properties of Poxviruses Poxvirus Infections in Humans: Vaccinia and Variola Monkeypox Infections Cowpox Infections Buffalopox Infections Orf Virus Infections Molluscum Contagiosum Tanapox and Yaba Monkey Tumor Poxvirus Infections Chapter Summary Review Questions 35. Hepatitis Viruses Properties of Hepatitis Viruses Hepatitis Virus Infections in Humans Chapter Summary Review Questions 36. Picornaviruses (Enterovirus and Rhinovirus Groups) Properties of Picornaviruses Enterovirus Group Polioviruses Coxsackieviruses Other Enteroviruses Enteroviruses in the Environment Rhinoviruses Parechovirus Group Foot-and-Mouth Disease (Aphthovirus of Cattle) Chapter Summary Review Questions 37. Reoviruses, Rotaviruses, and Caliciviruses Reoviruses and Rotaviruses Rotaviruses Reoviruses Orbiviruses and Coltiviruses Caliciviruses Astroviruses Chapter Summary Review Questions 38. Arthropod-Borne and Rodent-Borne Viral Diseases Human Arbovirus Infections Togavirus and Flavivirus Encephalitis Yellow Fever Virus Dengue Virus Bunyavirus Encephalitis Viruses Sandfly Fever Virus Rift Valley Fever Virus Severe Fever with Thrombocytopenia Syndrome Virus Heartland Virus Colorado Tick Fever Virus Rodent-Borne Hemorrhagic Fevers Bunyavirus Diseases Arenavirus Diseases Filovirus Diseases Chapter Summary Review Questions 39. Orthomyxoviruses (Influenza Viruses) Properties of Orthomyxoviruses Influenza Virus Infections in Humans Chapter Summary Review Questions 40. Paramyxoviruses and Rubella Virus Properties of Paramyxoviruses Parainfluenza Virus Infections Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infections Human Metapneumovirus Infections Mumps Virus Infections Measles (Rubeola) Virus Infections Hendra Virus and Nipah Virus Infections Rubella (German Measles) Virus Infections Postnatal Rubella Congenital Rubella Syndrome Chapter Summary Review Questions 41. Coronaviruses Properties of Coronaviruses Coronavirus Infections in Humans Chapter Summary Review Questions 42. Rabies, Slow Virus Infections, and Prion Diseases Rabies Borna Disease Slow Virus Infections and Prion Diseases Chapter Summary Review Questions 43. Human Cancer Viruses General Features of Viral Carcinogenesis Molecular Mechanisms of Carcinogenesis Interactions of Tumor Viruses with Their Hosts RNA Tumor Viruses Hepatitis C Virus Retroviruses DNA Tumor Viruses Hepatitis B Virus Polyomaviruses Papillomaviruses Adenoviruses Herpesviruses Poxviruses How to Prove That a Virus Causes Human Cancer Chapter Summary Review Questions 44. AIDS and Lentiviruses Properties of Lentiviruses HIV Infections in Humans Chapter Summary Review Questions Section V Mycology 45. Medical Mycology General Properties, Virulence, and Classification of Pathogenic Fungi Laboratory Diagnosis of Mycoses Superficial Mycoses Cutaneous Mycoses Key Concepts: Superficial and Cutaneous Mycoses Subcutaneous Mycoses Sporotrichosis Chromoblastomycosis Phaeohyphomycosis Mycetoma Key Concepts: Subcutaneous Mycoses Endemic Mycoses Coccidioidomycosis Histoplasmosis Blastomycosis Paracoccidioidomycosis Key Concepts: Endemic Mycoses Opportunistic Mycoses Candidiasis Cryptococcosis Aspergillosis Mucormycosis Pneumocystis Pneumonia Penicilliosis Other Opportunistic Mycoses Emerging Pathogens Key Concepts: Opportunistic Mycoses Antifungal Prophylaxis Hypersensitivity to Fungi Mycotoxins Antifungal Chemotherapies Topical Antifungal Agents Key Concepts: Antifungal Chemotherapy Review Questions Section VI Parasitology 46. Medical Parasitology Classification of Parasites Intestinal Protozoan Infections Giardia lamblia (Intestinal Flagellate) Entamoeba histolytica (Intestinal and Tissue Ameba) Other Intestinal Amebae Cryptosporidium (Intestinal Sporozoa) Cyclospora (Intestinal Sporozoa) Sexually Transmitted Protozoan Infection Trichomonas vaginalis (Genitourinary Flagellate) Blood and Tissue Protozoan Infections Blood Flagellates Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense and Trypanosoma brucei gambiense (Blood Flagellates) Trypanosoma cruzi (Blood Flagellate) Leishmania Species (Blood Flagellates) Entamoeba histolytica (Tissue Ameba)—See Intestinal Protozoan Infections Section Naegleria fowleri, Acanthamoeba castellanii, and Balamuthia mandrillaris (Free-Living Amebae) Plasmodium Species (Blood Sporozoa) Babesia microti (Blood Sporozoa) Toxoplasma gondii (Tissue Sporozoa) Microsporidia Intestinal Helminthic Infections Enterobius vermicularis (Pinworm—Intestinal Nematode) Trichuris trichiura (Whipworm—Intestinal Nematode) Ascaris lumbricoides (Human Roundworm—Intestinal Nematode) Ancylostoma duodenale and Necator americanus (Human Hookworms—Intestinal Nematode) Strongyloides stercoralis (Human Threadworm—Intestinal and Tissue Nematode) Trichinella spiralis (Intestinal and Tissue Nematode) Fasciolopsis buski (Giant Intestinal Fluke—Intestinal Trematode) Taenia saginata (Beef Tapeworm—Intestinal Cestode) and Taenia solium (Pork Tapeworm—Intestinal and Tissue Cestode) Diphyllobothrium latum (Broad Fish Tapeworm—Intestinal Cestode) Hymenolepis nana (Dwarf Tapeworm—Intestinal Cestode) Dipylidium caninum (Dog Tapeworm—Intestinal Cestode) Blood And Tissue Helminthic Infections Wuchereria bancrofti, Brugia malayi, and Brugia timori (Lymphatic Filariasis—Tissue Nematodes) Onchocerca volvulus (River Blindness—Tissue Nematode) Dracunculus medinensis (Guinea Worm—Tissue Nematode) Larva migrans (Zoonotic Larval Nematode Infections) Clonorchis Sinensis (Chinese Liver Fluke), Fasciola hepatica (Sheep Liver Fluke), and Paragonimus westermani (Lung Fluke)—Tissue Trematodes Schistosoma mansoni, Schistosoma japonicum, and Schistosoma haematobium (Blood Flukes) Tissue Cestode Infections (Caused by the Larval Stages) Taenia solium—Cysticercosis/Neurocysticercosis Echinococcus granulosus (Hydatid Cyst) Review Questions Section VII Diagnostic Medical Microbiology and Clinical Correlation 47. Principles of Diagnostic Medical Microbiology Communication Between Physician and Laboratory Diagnosis of Bacterial and Fungal Infections The Importance of Normal Bacterial and Fungal Microbiota Laboratory Aids in the Selection of Antimicrobial Therapy Diagnosis of Infection by Anatomic Site Anaerobic Infections Diagnosis of Chlamydial Infections Diagnosis of Viral Infections Review Questions 48. Cases and Clinical Correlations Central Nervous System Respiratory Heart Abdomen Urinary Tract Bone and Soft Tissue Sexually Transmitted Diseases Mycobacterium tuberculosis Infections Myocobacterium Avium Complex Infections in Transplant Patients Emerging Infections Index