HSPA+ Evolution to Release 12

Editors:Harri Holma, Antti Toskala, Nokia Siemens Networks, Finland and Pablo Tapia, T-Mobile, USA

• Foreword xvPreface xviiAbbreviations xix1 Introduction 1Harri Holma1.1 Introduction 11.2 HSPA Global Deployments 11.3 Mobile Devices 31.4 Traffic Growth 31.5 HSPA Technology Evolution 51.6 HSPA Optimization Areas 71.7 Summary 72 HSDPA and HSUPA in Release 5 and 6 9Antti Toskala2.1 Introduction 92.2 3GPP Standardization of HSDPA and HSUPA 92.3 HSDPA Technology Key Characteristics 102.4 HSDPA Mobility 162.5 HSDPA UE Capability 172.6 HSUPA Technology Key Characteristics 172.7 HSUPA Mobility 222.8 HSUPA UE Capability 232.9 HSPA Architecture Evolution 232.10 Conclusions 24References 243 Multicarrier and Multiantenna MIMO 27Antti Toskala, Jeroen Wigard, Matthias Hesse, Ryszard Dokuczal, and Maciej Januszewski3.1 Introduction 273.2 Dual-Cell Downlink and Uplink 273.2.1 Dual-Cell Downlink 283.2.2 Dual-Cell HSUPA 323.3 Four-Carrier HSDPA and Beyond 333.4 Multiband HSDPA 363.5 Downlink MIMO 383.5.1 Space Time Transmit Diversity – STTD 393.5.2 Closed-Loop Mode 1 Transmit Diversity 393.5.3 2 × 2 MIMO and TxAA 403.5.4 4-Branch MIMO 423.6 Uplink MIMO and Uplink Closed-Loop Transmit Diversity 463.6.1 Uplink MIMO Channel Architecture 473.6.2 Scheduling and Rank Selection with Uplink MIMO 493.6.3 Uplink MIMO Performance Evaluation 503.7 Conclusions 52References 524 Continuous Packet Connectivity and High Speed Common Channels 53Harri Holma and Karri Ranta-aho4.1 Introduction 534.2 Continuous Packet Connectivity (CPC) 544.2.1 Uplink DTX 554.2.2 Downlink DRX 584.2.3 HS-SCCH-Less Transmission 594.3 High Speed FACH 614.4 High Speed RACH 634.5 High Speed FACH and RACH Enhancements 664.6 Fast Dormancy 674.7 Uplink Interference Reduction 684.8 Terminal Power Consumption Minimization 724.9 Signaling Reduction 734.10 Latency Optimization 744.11 Summary 75References 755 HSDPA Multiflow 77Thomas Höhne, Karri Ranta-aho, Alexander Sayenko, and Antti Toskala5.1 Introduction 775.2 Multiflow Overview 775.2.1 Multiflow Principle 785.2.2 Multiflow Configurations 785.3 Multiflow Protocol Stack 805.4 Multiflow Impacts on UE Architecture 805.5 Uplink Feedback for Multiflow 815.5.1 HS-DPCCH Structure with Multiflow 815.5.2 Dynamic Carrier Activation 845.5.3 Timing of Uplink Feedback 845.5.4 HS-DPCCH Power Levels 865.6 RLC Impact 875.6.1 RLC Timer_Reordering 875.6.2 RLC Reset 885.7 Iub/Iur Enhancements 895.7.1 Flow Control 895.7.2 Multiflow Extensions 905.8 Multiflow Combined with Other Features 915.8.1 Downlink MIMO 915.8.2 Uplink Closed-Loop Transmit Diversity and Uplink MIMO 915.8.3 DTX/DRX 925.9 Setting Up Multiflow 935.10 Robustness 945.10.1 Robustness for RRC Signaling 945.10.2 Radio Link Failure 945.10.3 Robustness for User Plane Data 965.11 Multiflow Performance 965.11.1 Multiflow Performance in Macro Networks 965.11.2 Multiflow Performance with HetNets 965.12 Multiflow and Other Multipoint Transmission Techniques 1005.13 Conclusions 100References 1006 Voice Evolution 103Harri Holma and Karri Ranta-aho6.1 Introduction 1036.2 Voice Quality with AMR Wideband 1036.3 Voice Capacity with Low Rate AMR 1066.4 VoIP Over HSPA 1076.5 Circuit-Switched Voice Over HSPA 1116.6 Voice Over HSPA Mobility 1126.7 Circuit-Switched Fallback 1146.8 Single Radio Voice Call Continuity 1156.9 Summary 116References 1167 Heterogeneous Networks 117Harri Holma and Fernando Sanchez Moya7.1 Introduction 1177.2 Small Cell Drivers 1177.3 Base Station Categories 1187.4 Small Cell Dominance Areas 1197.5 HetNet Uplink–Downlink Imbalance 1227.6 HetNet Capacity and Data Rates 1247.7 HetNet Field Measurements 1287.8 Femto Cells 1307.9 WLAN Interworking 1337.9.1 Access Network Discovery and Selection Function (ANDSF) 1337.9.2 Hotspot 2.0 1357.9.3 Differences between ANDSF and Hotspot 2.0 1367.10 Summary 136References 1378 Advanced UE and BTS Algorithms 139Antti Toskala and Hisashi Onozawa8.1 Introduction 1398.2 Advanced UE Receivers 1398.3 BTS Scheduling Alternatives 1438.4 BTS Interference Cancellation 1458.5 Further Advanced UE and BTS Algorithms 1498.6 Conclusions 150References 1519 IMT-Advanced Performance Evaluation 153Karri Ranta-aho and Antti Toskala9.1 Introduction 1539.2 ITU-R Requirements for IMT-Advanced 1539.3 3GPP Features to Consider in Meeting the IMT-Advanced Requirements 1559.4 Performance Evaluation 1579.4.1 Eight-Carrier HSDPA 1579.4.2 Four-Antenna MIMO for HSDPA 1599.4.3 Uplink Beamforming, MIMO and 64QAM 1609.4.4 HSPA+ Multiflow 1629.4.5 Performance in Different ITU-R Scenarios 1639.4.6 Latency and Handover Interruption Analysis 1649.5 Conclusions 168References 16810 HSPA+ Performance 169Pablo Tapia and Brian Olsen10.1 Introduction 16910.2 Test Tools and Methodology 17010.3 Single-Carrier HSPA+ 17310.3.1 Test Scenarios 17310.3.2 Latency Measurements 17410.3.3 Good Signal Strength Scenario 17510.3.4 Mid Signal Strength Scenario 17710.3.5 Poor Signal Strength Scenario 17910.3.6 Summary of Stationary Tests 18210.3.7 Drive Test Performance of Single-Carrier HSPA+ 18310.4 Dual-Cell HSPA+ 18810.4.1 Stationary Performance 18910.4.2 Dual-Carrier Drive Performance 19210.4.3 Impact of Vendor Implementation 19610.5 Analysis of Other HSPA Features 19810.5.1 64 QAM Gains 19810.5.2 UE Advanced Receiver Field Results 20010.5.3 2 × 2 MIMO 20310.5.4 Quality of Service (QoS) 20610.6 Comparison of HSPA+ with LTE 20910.7 Summary 211References 21211 Network Planning 213Brian Olsen, Pablo Tapia, Jussi Reunanen, and Harri Holma11.1 Introduction 21311.2 Radio Frequency Planning 21311.2.1 Link Budget 21511.2.2 Antenna and Power Planning 21911.2.3 Automatic Cell Planning (ACP) Tools 22211.2.4 Neighbor Planning 22311.3 Multilayer Management in HSPA 22411.3.1 Layering Strategy within Single Band 22511.3.2 Layering Strategy with Multiple UMTS Bands 23011.3.3 Summary 23311.4 RAN Capacity Planning 23311.4.1 Discussion on Capacity Triggers 23411.4.2 Effect of Voice/Data Load 23711.4.3 Uplink Noise Discussion 23811.4.4 Sector Dimensioning 24011.4.5 RNC Dimensioning 24211.5 Packet Core and Transport Planning 24311.5.1 Backhaul Dimensioning 24411.6 Spectrum Refarming 24611.6.1 Introduction 24611.6.2 UMTS Spectrum Requirements 24711.6.3 GSM Features for Refarming 24911.6.4 Antenna Sharing Solutions 24911.7 Summary 250References 25112 Radio Network Optimization 253Pablo Tapia and Carl Williams12.1 Introduction 25312.2 Optimization of the Radio Access Network Parameters 25412.2.1 Optimization of Antenna Parameters 25512.2.2 Optimization of Power Parameters 25712.2.3 Neighbor List Optimization 26212.2.4 HS Cell Change Optimization 26512.2.5 IRAT Handover Optimization 26812.2.6 Optimization of Radio State Transitions 27112.2.7 Uplink Noise Optimization 27512.3 Optimization Tools 28112.3.1 Geolocation 28412.3.2 User Tracing (Minimization of Drive Tests) 28512.3.3 Self Organizing Network (SON) Tools 28612.4 Summary 292Reference 29213 Smartphone Performance 293Pablo Tapia, Michael Thelander, Timo Halonen, Jeff Smith, and Mika Aalto13.1 Introduction 29313.2 Smartphone Traffic Analysis 29413.3 Smartphone Data Consumption 29713.4 Smartphone Signaling Analysis 29913.4.1 Smartphone Profiling 30113.4.2 Ranking Based on Key Performance Indicators 30213.4.3 Test Methodology 30313.4.4 KPIs Analyzed during Profiling 30413.4.5 Use Case Example: Analysis of Signaling by Various Mobile OSs 30613.5 Smartphone Performance 30813.5.1 User Experience KPIs 31013.5.2 Battery Performance 31113.5.3 Coverage Limits for Different Services 31313.5.4 Effect of TCP Performance 31513.5.5 Web Browsing Performance 31813.5.6 Video Streaming 32113.6 Use Case Study: Analysis of Smartphone User Experience in the US 33013.7 Summary 334References 33514 Multimode Multiband Terminal Design Challenges 337Jean-Marc Lemenager, Luigi Di Capua, Victor Wilkerson, Mikaël Guenais, Thierry Meslet, and Laurent Noël14.1 Cost Reduction in Multimode Multiband Terminals 34014.1.1 Evolution of Silicon Area and Component Count 34014.1.2 Transceiver Architecture Evolutions 34214.1.3 RF Front End 35014.2 Power Consumption Reduction in Terminals 36914.2.1 Smartphone Power Consumption 36914.2.2 Application Engines 37114.2.3 Power Amplifiers 37814.2.4 Continuous Packet Connectivity 38214.3 Conclusion 387References 38915 LTE Interworking 393Harri Holma and Hannu Raassina15.1 Introduction 39315.2 Packet Data Interworking 39415.2.1 Example Trace of 3G to LTE Cell Reselection 39815.2.2 Example Trace of LTE to 3G Redirection 40015.3 Circuit-Switched Fallback 40615.3.1 Example Circuit-Switched Fallback with Location Area Update 41015.3.2 Example Circuit-Switched Fallback without Location Area Update 41315.4 Matching of LTE and 3G Coverage Areas 41515.5 Single Radio Voice Call Continuity (SRVCC) 41715.6 Summary 419References 41916 HSPA Evolution Outlook 421Antti Toskala and Karri Ranta-aho16.1 Introduction 42116.2 HSPA-LTE and WLAN Interworking 42116.3 Scalable Bandwidth UMTS 42316.4 DCH Enhancements 42516.5 HSUPA Enhancements 42716.6 Heterogenous Networks 42816.7 Other Areas of Improvement for Release 12 and Beyond 43016.8 Conclusions 430References 431Index 433