Hadrian’s Wall and its Trees

Susan Aglionby, Susan’s Farm, Houghton, near CarlisleMarta Alberti-Dunn, The Vindolanda TrustLindsay Allason-Jones, Honorary Keeper of the Clayton CollectionCatherine Ayres, poet and teacherAmy Baker, post-graduate student, Newcastle UniversityRichard Beleson, San Francisco Ancient Numismatic SocietySarah Bell, photographer at Sarah Deane PhotographicGeoffrey Bennett, Senior Fellow at the Institute of Art and LawAndrew Birley, Director of Excavations, The Vindolanda TrustBarbara Birley, Curator, The Vindolanda TrustPatricia Birley, The Vindolanda TrustMike Bishop, Writer, publisher and archaeologistSam Bithell, post-graduate student, Newcastle UniversityDavid J. Breeze, Honorary Professor at the Universities of Durham, Edinburgh, Newcastle and StirlingRichard Brickstock, independent researcher and numismatistCaroline Cartwright, research scientist, The British MuseumLaura Charlton, writer and Director (Allendale Pantomine)Abigail Cheverst, community and heritage freelancerMike Collins, Team Leader for Development Advice, North East and Yorkshire, Historic EnglandNick Corble, canal explorer, walker and writerEleri Cousins, Associate Professor in Roman History, Durham UniversityDorothy Cowans, independent researcherJim Crow, Professor Emeritus, Edinburgh UniversityKelly Davis, poet and freelance editorEckhard Deschler-Erb, Professor of the Archaeology of the Roman Provinces, University of CologneAndrew Fox, Lecturer in Ancient History, University of LiverpoolPaul Frodsham, Honorary Fellow, Durham University, and independent consultant, Oracle Heritage ServicesTony Gates, Chief Executive Officer, Northumberland National Parks AuthorityErik Graafstal, Municipal archaeologist, Utrecht, The NetherlandsBill Griffiths, North East MuseumsWilliam (Bill) S. Hanson, Professor Emeritus, University of GlasgowJane Harrison, archaeologist, Community Archaeology North (Community Interest Company)Tom Hazenberg, senior archaeologist Limes Association of the Netherlands; consultant Hazenberg Archeologie, The NetherlandsRichard Hingley, Professor Emeritus, Durham UniversityMatthew Hobson, Associate Director, Wardell Armstrong Archaeology; Honorary Visiting Fellow, University of LeicesterNick Hodgson, Honorary Research Fellow Durham University; past President of the Society of Antiquaries of NewcastleFraser Hunter, Principal Curator, Iron Age and Roman Collections, National Museum of ScotlandJacqui Huntley, former scientific advisor to English HeritageTatiana Ivleva, Visiting Research Fellow, Newcastle UniversityIan Jackson, former Operations Director of the British Geological SurveyNick Johnson, Northumbria Veteran Trees ProjectRececca H. Jones, Keeper of Scottish History and Archaeology, National Museums of Scotland; co-chair of the Congress of Roman Frontier StudiesPaul J. Kitching, Honorary Research Fellow, University of DurhamAl McCluskey, post-graduate student, Newcastle UniversityFrances McIntosh, curator of English Heritage Museums on Hadrian’s WallAlex Meyer, Associate Professor, University of Western OntarioRoger Miket, former Keeper of Archaeology for Tyne and Wear and Director of Excavations at South Shields Roman FortKatie Mountain, archaeologist, Pre-Construct Archaeology, DurhamRachel Newman, Senior Executive Officer, Oxford Archaeology NorthDon O’Meara, Historic England, and editor of Archaeologia AelianaAndrew Poad, The National TrustJohn S. Poulter, independent researcherCarole Raddato, independent researcherMark Richards, author of Cicerone’s guide Walking Hadrian’s Wall Path and other guidebooks for walkersTanja Romankiewicz, Senior lecturer, EFI Affiliate, Prehistoric and Roman Archaeology, University of EdinburghRobert Sands, Global Engagement Officer, University College DublinPeter Savin, independent researcherSue Stallibrass, former scientific advisor to English HeritageMartha Lovell Stewart, Honorary Research Fellow at the University of DurhamGraeme Stobbs, archaeologist and independent researcherMatthew Symonds, editor, Current World ArchaeologyRoger Tomlin, Wolfson College, Oxford, editor, Roman Inscriptions of BritainHarry van Enckevort, retired archaeologist of the municipality of Nijmegen and now independent researcherSandra Walkshofer, Edufilm, AustriaDavid Walsh, Career Development Fellow at Durham UniversityHumphrey Welfare, former editor of Archaeologia AelianaAlan Wilkins, independent researcherTony Wilmott, formerly Senior Archaeologist, Historic England

• PrefaceForeword – Tony GatesIntroduction – David J. Breeze and Mark RichardsMy Journey to a Tree – Richard Beleson Storm Arwen – Graeme StobbsUnder the Sycamore Tree – Jim CrowThe Romans and TreesTrees in Roman Literature – Andrew FoxA Mythology of Trees – Sandra Walkshofer The Caledonian Forest – Rebecca H. JonesHadrian and the Protection of Trees in Lebanon – Carole RaddatoA Coin Depicting a Tree – Richard BrickstockWoodlandThe First Northern Forest – Ian JacksonAn Ancient Grove – Ian JacksonWildwoods and Wildernesses – Sue StallibrassStrategy, Walls and Trees: Wark Forest from Highshield Crags – Al McCluskeyTrees and the Survey of Hadrian’s Wall – John PoulterThe Protection of TreesNorthumbria Veteran Trees Project – Nick JohnsonAncient Woodlands Along the Wall – Dorothy CowansWoodlands on Hadrian’s Wall: Managing the Resource – Don O’Meara and Mike CollinsTrees Along the WallDrawn to Trees – Mark B. RichardsA Tree at the Wall – Eckhard Deschler-ErbA Sentinel at Benwell – David J. BreezeA Lost Tree at Denton – David J. BreezeDown Hill – Sam BithellA Green Knoll at Chesters which Seemed to Invite Antiquarian Research – Frances McIntoshA Solitary Thorn Marks the Site of Turret 29b – Katie MountainThe Reverend Anthony Hedley’s Drive at Vindolanda – Peter SavinA Venerable Symbol of Immortality: The Beltingham Yew – Paul FrodshamA Lost Tree from the West Gate at Vindolanda – Alexander MeyerThe Vallum’s Tall Trees at Twice Brewed – Sarah BellWalltown – Abigail CheverstThe Walltown Country Park – Abigail CheverstMedieval Trees on Hadrian’s Wall – Rachel Newman and Tony WilmottTurf Love – Peter SavinA Scots Pine at High House – David J. BreezeA Pear Tree at Lanercost and the Romans’ Taste in Fruit – Jacqui HuntleyBlackthorn in Wall Mile 59 – Humphrey WelfareThe Tree Line in Houghton – Susan AglionbyOut West: A Tree at Port Carlisle – Jane HarrisonSycamores at Maryport – Kelly DavisObjects Created from TreesThe Contribution of Archaeological Science to Understanding Wood in Antiquity – Tony WilmottThe Conservation of the Wooden Objects at Vindolanda – Patricia BirleyThe Wood of the Vindolanda Writing Tablets – Caroline CartwrightTransport and CommunicationHadrian’s Road to Britain – Erik P. GraafstalWooden Wheels on the Walls – Fraser HunterWooden Walls: Hadrian’s Maritime Frontier – Paul KitchingBridging the North Sea – Tom HazenbergA Tree Provides Evidence of the Twentieth Legion at Carlisle – Roger S.O. TomlinA Friendship Forged at the Edge of Their World – Andrew BirleyBuildingBuilding in Timber on Hadrian’s Wall – William S. HansonThe Roman Army Cutting Down Trees on Trajan’s Column – Harry van EnckevortCutting the Frontier’s Timber – Alan WilkinsReduce, Reuse, Recycle – Tanja RomankiewiczObstacles on the Berm – Nicholas HodgsonThe Great Chesters pilum murale – Martha Lovell StewartAn Unexpected Inscription – Matthew SymondsBehind the Closed Door – David J. BreezeLiving and DyingA Roman Travel Sewing Kit – Barbara BirleyA Tale of Two Turners: Trees, Places and Lived Experiences – Rob SandsThe Carlisle Wooden Sword – Mike BishopPizza for Dinner, Anyone? – Jacqui HuntleyThe Wooden Underworld: Toilet Seats – Marta Alberti-DunnCremation Practices at Luguvalium/Carlisle – Matthew S. HobsonUnknown Wood(s): Roman-period Wooden Jewellery – Tatiana IvlevaUnknown Objects: Wood Woven into the Fabric of the Frontier – Amy BakerReligionSculptured Trees from the Military Zone – Lindsay Allason-JonesA God in the Woods: Cocidius at Risingham – Eleri CousinsA Foreign Tree for a Foreign Cult: Pinecones in the Carrawburgh Mithraeum – David WalshThe Goddess Coventina and her Sacred Grove at Brocolitia/Carrawburgh – Richard HingleyTrees and ArtistsArtists and Trees on Hadrian’s Wall – David J. BreezeTwo Puzzles at Blackcarts – David J. BreezeA Presbyterian Minister’s Wooden ‘Reliquary’? – Roger MiketThe Book Plate of John Collingwood Bruce – David J. BreezeThe Carved Wooden Soldier at Segedunum/Wallsend – Bill GriffithsThe Sycamore Gap Tree: Its Future Trees of Hope – Andrew PoadNotes Made on Hadrian’s Wall – Catherine AyresDendrochronological analysis of the tree in Sycamore Gap – Historic England Press NoticeEpilogue – Geoffrey Bennett Further ReadingAcknowledgements and CreditsList of Contributors