Digital Factory for Knowledge

Renaud Fabre, CNRS, France, is Professor of Economics and former President of the University of Paris 8 (Vincennes-Saint Denis) in France. He is the former director of Scientific and Technical Information at the National Scientific Research Centre (2013–2017)./p>Alain Bensoussan, Sciences Po Paris, France, is an advanced technology lawyer and President of the Bensoussan-Lexing office. He is an international specialist in the law of digital technology and robotics.Lucille Colin, Sciences Po Paris, France.Marie Blanquart, Sciences Po Paris, France.Louki-Géronimo Richou, Sciences Po Paris, France.

• Preface   xiRenaud FABRE and Alain BENSOUSSANPart 1. Scientific Resources and Data Economy   1Chapter 1. Data Production and Sharing: Towards a Universal Right? 3Marie BLANQUART, Thomas DESCOUS and Ewen HUET1.1. The right to knowledge today: between attempts at universalization and “self-regulation” by the GAFA 41.1.1. Towards the emergence of a universal right to knowledge subject to divergent economic thinking 51.1.2. The recognition of a universal right to knowledge: a “realistic utopia”? 61.2. Platform and scientific community rights: the absence of an upfront legal framework  71.2.1. A system partly caused by the development of the digital sector  71.2.2. The now-fragile law attempting to protect the results of research  81.2.3. Intellectual property rights   81.2.4. The notion of databases and protection by sui generis law 91.2.5. Problems with the legal statute of knowledge   111.3. The need to elaborate several types of legislation   121.3.1. Platform rights 121.3.2. Text and Data Mining: the great new stake 141.4. Open Science: an achievable goal?  15Chapter 2. Data: a Simple Raw Material?  19Bertrand PELETIER and Thomas DESCOUS2.1. The new generation of data: management issues arising from ownership rights 192.2. How to transform these data into knowledge? 202.3. A new knowledge economy is necessary 212.3.1. The information war and the stakes of data protection  212.4. International scientific publishing: high added-value services and researcher community   222.4.1. The open platform as the preferred tool for sharing and exploiting data 222.4.2. An undeniable added value in processing data brought about by platforms  24Chapter 3. New Knowledge Tools   27Christoph LOHSCHELDER3.1. Sharing and uncertainty   273.2. Platform construction   283.3. Machine learning 303.4. Promising progress to be qualified…  31Part 2. The Knowledge Factory 33Chapter 4. Economic Models of Knowledge Sharing   35Vincent GIACOBBI4.1. A quick historic overview 354.2. Property and/or sharing   354.3. An immaterial good capable of fueling the production of material goods 374.4. The large stakes of knowledge production  384.4.1. Limits of this model: consistency, reliability and indistinction 394.4.2. Business models of knowledge sharing  394.4.3. Some numbers 404.5. Development prospects allowing for new fields of study and more nimbly integrating researchers into the economic chain 41Chapter 5. From the Author to the Valorizer  43Lucile COLLIN5.1. The author and the valorizer: conciliation and efficiency of the interaction 435.2. One point on patents   445.3. The innovation cycle   455.4. The law for a Digital Republic   465.5. Scientific openness surpassing ancient legal tools   48Chapter 6. Valorization: a Global Geopolitical Stake   51Marie BLANQUART6.1. A multispeed competition 516.1.1. The United States: a country losing its lead   516.1.2. French stagnation   536.1.3. The expanding Chinese model  546.2. International cooperation in the scientific sector   576.2.1. A developing European project  576.2.2. International organizations   58Chapter 7. Focus: the Chinese Patent Strategy   61Vincent GIACOBBI7.1. Chinese expansion 627.2. An inflation of Chinese patents   637.3. Some fallbacks in China nuancing its strategic position  657.3.1. A fallback in favor of applied research  667.3.2. Territorial withdrawal 667.3.3. A long certification process with uncertain ends   667.3.4. The procedure for submitting a dispute on a patent   677.4. Contestable and contested digital supremacy 68Chapter 8. Artificial Intelligence Policies  71Maximilian NOMINACHER and Bertrand PELETIER8.1. Policies concerning “strong” AI   728.2. Policies concerning “weak” AI   728.3. Policies concerning artificial intelligence safety   748.4. From practice to ethics: what is AI’s legal status?   75Chapter 9. New Formulations of Results and New “Markets” 77Louki-Géronimo RICHOU9.1. Making universal: establishing common standards of expression 789.1.1. Requirement of uniqueness   799.1.2. Hierarchy requirement 799.2. To adapt: from popularization to simplification   829.2.1. Versatility or specialization?   839.2.2. Simplifying rather than popularizing 849.2.3. Measures following the precautionary principle: archiving and protection   859.2.4. Preserving the researcher while optimizing knowledge for the general interest during the digital era 859.3. Developing the general state of knowledge with care   87Chapter 10. Open Science: a Common Good that Needs to be Valued?   89Nicolas MASSEREAU10.1. A global challenge that must take the economy into account   9010.2. A wide variety of public policies respond to this challenge   9010.2.1. Enterprises and States 9010.2.2. Valorization as a junction point  9110.2.3. Basic research: competing with applied research?   9310.3. The French case and international rankings 9410.4. The limits of the patent system and publication count   9610.5. Investment tools aiming to correct these failures   9810.6. How to measure innovation? 10010.6.1. The university: the first knowledge production framework recognized by law  10010.6.2. Research data: a new intangible “place” for producing knowledge 10110.7. The application of research is not an end in itself   102Conclusion   105Renaud FABRE and Alain BENSOUSSANAppendices  109Appendix 1. Extract from the CNRS White Paper: “The Work of Science and the Digital Field: Data, Publications, Platforms. A Systematic Analysis of the Law for a Digital Republic”  111Appendix 2. Extract from the CNRS White Paper “Open Science in a Digital Republic: Studies and Proposals for Law Application. StrategicApplication Guide” 161Bibliography  179List of Authors 183Index  185