Comparative Vertebrate Neuroanatomy

Ann B. Butler and William Hodos are the authors of Comparative Vertebrate Neuroanatomy: Evolution and Adaptation, 2nd Edition, published by Wiley.

• Preface xvAcknowledgments xixList of Boxes xxiPart One Evolution and the Organization of the Central Nervous System1 Evolution and Variation 3Introduction 3Diversity Over Time 4Evolutionary Mechanisms 5Sameness and Its Biological Significance 8Analysis of Variation 132 Neurons and Sensory Receptors 19Introduction 19The Nervous System 19Neurons and Sensory Receptors 20Transport Within Neurons 21Classification of Neurons 21Synapses 23Neuronal Populations 26Receptors and Senses 28Receptor Types 30Topographic Organization 43Receptive Fields 46The Senses and Evolution of the Central Nervous System 463 The Vertebrate Central Nervous System 49Introduction 49Development of the Brain 49The Brain and Spinal Cord 61Cellular Organization of the Central Nervous System 61Regional Organization of the Nervous System 63Major Systems of the Brain 67Nomenclature of the Brain 694 Vertebrate Phylogeny and Diversity in Brain Organization 73Introduction 73Vertebrate Phylogeny 74Two Types of Brain Organization 845 Evolution and Adaptation of the Brain Behavior and Intelligence 93Phylogeny and Adaptation 93Complexity and Evolution 96Evolutionary Change 99Brain Evolution and Behavioral Adaptation 100Brain Size and Behavioral Adaptation 105Summary and Conclusions 1096 Theories of Brain Evolution 113Introduction 113Some Common Assumptions 113Previous Theories of Vertebrate Brain Evolution: Addition of Structures or Areas 114Previous Theories of Vertebrate Brain Organization: New Formation and Reorganization of Circuits 115Critique of Previous Theories of Vertebrate Brain Evolution 116Parcellation Theory 117Current Theories of Forebrain Evolution 117Perspective 121Part Two The Spinal Cord and Hindbrain7 Overview of Spinal Cord and Hindbrain 127Overview of the Spinal Cord 127Overview of the Hindbrain 133Evolutionary Perspectives on the Spinal Cord and Hindbrain 1368 The Spinal Cord 139The Spinal Cords of Nontetrapods 139The Organization of the Tetrapod Spinal Cord 145Evolutionary Perspective 1529 Segmental Organization of the Head Brain and Cranial Nerves 157“Twelve” Cranial Nerves 157The Vertebrate Head: Segmental Organization 158Theoretical Head Segments 165Segmental Organization of the Individual Cranial Nerves 16610 Functional Organization of the Cranial Nerves 173Introduction 173The Cranial Nerves and the Spinal Cord 173The Organization of Sensory and Motor Columns of the Caudal Brainstem 176Five Cranial Nerves Rostral to the Brainstem 180General Considerations 18111 Sensory Cranial Nerves of the Brainstem 183Introduction 183Dorsal Cranial Nerves: Sensory Components for General Somatosensory Sensation 183Ventrolateral Placodal Cranial Nerves: Taste 189Dorsolateral Cranial Nerves: Lateral Line and Octaval Systems 19412 Motor Cranial Nerves 205Introduction 205Feeding and Swallowing 207The Acoustic Reflex 213Motor Control of Eye Muscles 214Evolutionary Perspective on the Hindbrain and Midbrain Cranial Nerves 21813 The Reticular Formation 221Introduction 221The Organization of the Reticular Formation 222Pathways of the Reticular Formation 230The Reticular Formation and Sleep 234Evolutionary Perspective on the Reticular Formation 23614 The Cerebellum 241Introduction 241Overview of the Cerebellum 241Cerebellar Size 242The Various Forms of the Cerebellum 243The Cerebella of Tetrapods 246The Cerebella of Nontetrapods 246The Cerebellar Cortex 247The Exceptional Cerebella of Weakly Electric Fishes 259Cerebellar Efferents and the Deep Cerebellar Nuclei 260Evolutionary Perspective 262Functions of the Cerebellum 262Part Three The Midbrain15 Overview of the Midbrain 267Introduction 267The Isthmus 268The Tegmentum 273The Tectum 27316 Isthmus 275Introduction 275Nuclei of the Raphe 275Locus Coeruleus 277Nucleus Isthmi 281Isthmo-Optic Nucleus 283Midbrain Locomotor Region and Pedunculopontine Tegmental Nucleus 284Interpeduncular Nucleus 28517 Tegmentum and Tori 289Introduction 289Mesencephalic Nucleus of the Trigeminal Nerve 289Red Nucleus and Related Nuclei 290Substantia Nigra and Ventral Tegmental Area 292Torus Lateralis 304Torus Semicircularis 304Evolutionary Perspective 27718 Optic Tectum 311Introduction 311Overview of Tectal Organization 311Overview of Tectal Connections 312The Optic Tectum in Group I Vertebrates 315The Optic Tectum in Group II Vertebrates 321Evolutionary Perspective 334Part Four The Forebrain: Diencephalon19 Overview of the Forebrain 343Introduction 343Nomenclature of the Forebrain in Amniotes 344The Diencephalon 344The Telencephalon: Pallium 352The Telencephalon: Subpallium 36420 Pretectum Accessory Optic System and Migrated Posterior Tuberculum 373Introduction 373Pretectum 373Accessory Optic System 389Evolutionary Perspective 394Migrated Posterior Tuberculum 396Evolutionary Perspective 39921 Epithalamus 407Introduction 407Epiphysis 407Habenula 409Evolutionary Perspective 41422 Dorsal Thalamus 417Introduction 417Collothalamic Auditory System 418Collothalamic Visual and Somatosensory Systems 426Lemnothalamus 432Evolutionary Perspective 437A New Definition of the Dorsal Thalamus in Vertebrates 43923 The Visceral Brain: The Hypothalamus and the Autonomic Nervous System 445Introduction 445The Hypothalamus in Anamniotes 451The Hypothalamus in Amniotes 455The Autonomic Nervous System 460Evolutionary Perspective 462Part Five The Forebrain: Telencephalon24 Basal Telencephalon 471Introduction 471The Striatopallidal Complexes 472The Striatal Amygdala 487Cholinergic Neuronal Populations of the Basal Telencephalon 488Evolutionary Perspective 48925 Nonlimbic Pallium 495Introduction 495The Nonlimbic Pallium in Group I Vertebrates 496The Nonlimbic Pallium in Group IIA Vertebrates 498The Nonlimbic Pallium in Amniotes 501Pallial Evolution and Persistent Questions of Homologies 51026 Visual Forebrain in Amniotes 523Introduction 523Ipsilateral Retinal Pathways and Stereoscopic Vision 524Visual Pathways to the Telencephalon in Mammals 524Pathways to the Visual Telencephalon in Reptiles and Birds 537Evolutionary Trends in the Visual System of Amniotes 54027 Somatosensory and Motor Forebrain in Amniotes 547Introduction 547The Somatosensory and Motor Forebrain of Mammals 547The Somatosensory and Motor Forebrain of Nonmammalian Amniotes 559Evolutionary Perspective 56628 Auditory and Vocal Forebrain in Amniotes 571Introduction 571Design Features of the Auditory System 574Auditory Pathways in Tetrapods 574Auditory Telencephalon 577Evolutionary Perspective 58929 Terminal Nerve and Olfactory Forebrain 593Introduction 593Olfactory System 593Vomeronasal System 601Terminal Nerve 605Evolutionary Perspective 60630 Limbic Telencephalon 611Introduction 611The Limbic Pallium in Anamniotes 612The Limbic Pallium in Amniotes (Group IIB) 617Limbic Subpallium: Septum 628Evolutionary Perspective 629Part Six Conclusion31 Evolution of Brains: A Bilaterian View 637Introduction 637Invertebrate Brains and the Inversion Hypothesis 638Brain Evolution within Chordates 644The Origin of Vertebrates 649The Advent of Jaws 655Onto the Land and Into the Air 656Theories of Vertebrate Brain Evolution 657How Vertebrate Brains Evolve 657Appendix: Terms Used in Neuroanatomy 665Introduction 665Direction and Location Terms 665Planes of Section 666Neuroanatomical Names 668Derivation of Terms 668Glossary 671Index 679

"As a textbook for advanced courses and reference work for anyone whose interests touch on vertebrate neuroanatomy...it is a uniquely valuable single-volume survey." (The Quarterly Review of Biology, June 2006) "...well written and can be a valuable reading material for basic understanding of the brain and its adaptation." (American Association of Anatomists Newsletter, March 2006)