Breadwinners and Citizens

Laura Levine Frader is Professor of History and Chair of the History Department at Northeastern University. She is the author of The Industrial Revolution and Peasants and Protest: Agricultural Workers, Politics, and Unions in the Aude, 1850–1914. She is a coeditor of Gender and Class in Modern Europe and of Race in France: Interdisciplinary Perspectives on the Politics of Difference.

• Acknowledgments viiIntroduction: Gender in the Making of the French Social Model 11. Reconstruction and Regeneration after World War I 152. Gender Division, the Family, and the Citizen-Worker 513. Managing the Human Factor 1034. Organized Labor, Rationalization, and Breadwinners 1395. Toward the Social Model: Citizenship, Rights, and Social Provision 1696. Economic Rights and the Gender of Breadwinners: The Depression of the 1930s 193Conclusion 229Notes 241Bibliography 301Index 335

“Frader has done a masterful job of analyzing the interplay of gender, race, and ethnicity in a wide array of environments. . . . Her contribution offers a significant complement to our understanding of the origins of the French social model at a time when it is increasingly under fire.” - Steven M. Beaudoin, Journal of Social History “Laura Levine Frader has written a deeply researched study of the gender transformations that occurred in interwar France as laborers struggled to meet new production demands with a diminished postwar population. . . . While Frader is certainly not the first to study twentieth-century French labor through the lens of gender, the detail she brings to Breadwinners and Citizen makes it a masterwork of French history.” - Daniel Skinner, Women’s Studies Quarterly “By marshalling great detail backed by powerful examples to back her case that the male breadwinner ideal was stronger in interwar France than most scholars have appreciated, Frader has done an important service to scholars of both gender and labor. For the scholar entering into this field of study for the first time, Breadwinners and Citizens will be of great use. . . . [T]his is an important book on a too-long underanalyzed subject.” - William A. Pelz, History: Reviews of New Books “This book skillfully blends standard economic and labor history sources and methods…with a critical cultural studies approach to French assumptions about gender, family, and population. . . . From now on, French gender, labor, and social historians will have to take Frader’s subtle reading of the gendering of the labor market into account.” - Mary Lynn Stewart, American Historical Review “Breadwinners and Citizens, Laura Frader’s new book, is a major scholarly contribution to histories of gender, work and citizenship during the 1920s and 1930s. . . . Laura Frader has written an eminently readable book that is also impeccably researched and footnoted.” - Rachel G. Fuchs, H-France “A stunning analysis of why defence of the French male breadwinner became a keystone of social policy after 1918, even as France depended mightily on the labor of women and foreigners to revitalize its economy. Laura Levine Frader has mastered an immense social and cultural landscape to make a convincing case for the interwar origins of today’s social-policy mix in France. She is superb, too, on the interplay of race, ethnicity, and gender.”-Herrick Chapman, New York University, coeditor of A Century of Organized Labor in France: A Union Movement for the Twenty-first Century? “In this valuable book, Laura Levine Frader focuses on the French social model, the ideal of egalitarian social citizenship shaped and refined in the first half of the twentieth century. She argues that it was systematically undermined by employers, organized labor, and the state itself through practices and policies that built into it gender and anti-immigrant biases. Her insights, methods, and conclusions will be interesting to historians of other industrial societies whose welfare states are today under challenge from women and immigrant workers seeking equality of treatment.”-Herman Lebovics, SUNY Trustees Distinguished Professor, Stony Brook University, author of Bringing the Empire Back Home: France in the Global Age “Breadwinners and Citizens, Laura Frader’s new book, is a major scholarly contribution to histories of gender, work and citizenship during the 1920s and 1930s. . . . Laura Frader has written an eminently readable book that is also impeccably researched and footnoted.” - Rachel G. Fuchs (H-France, H-Net Reviews) “By marshalling great detail backed by powerful examples to back her case that the male breadwinner ideal was stronger in interwar France than most scholars have appreciated, Frader has done an important service to scholars of both gender and labor. For the scholar entering into this field of study for the first time, Breadwinners and Citizens will be of great use. . . . [T]his is an important book on a too-long underanalyzed subject.” - William A. Pelz (History: Reviews of New Books) “Laura Levine Frader has written a deeply researched study of the gender transformations that occurred in interwar France as laborers struggled to meet new production demands with a diminished postwar population. . . . While Frader is certainly not the first to study twentieth-century French labor through the lens of gender, the detail she brings to Breadwinners and Citizen makes it a masterwork of French history.” - Daniel Skinner (Women's Studies Quarterly) “This book skillfully blends standard economic and labor history sources and methods…with a critical cultural studies approach to French assumptions about gender, family, and population. . . . From now on, French gender, labor, and social historians will have to take Frader’s subtle reading of the gendering of the labor market into account.” - Mary Lynn Stewart (American Historical Review)