Biomass-Derived Fine Chemicals

Suraini Abd-Aziz is a Professor at the Department of Bioprocess Technology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia. Recognized as one of Malaysia's Top Research Scientists (TRSM 2018) and listed among the World's Top 2% Scientists from 2021 to 2026 by Stanford University and Elsevier BV, she holds a Scopus h-Index of 43 with over 5500 citations and more than 200 refereed journal publications.Lai-Yee Phang is an Associate Professor at the Department of Bioprocess Technology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia. With a Scopus h-Index of 30 and over 2700 citation, she has authored more than 100 papers in refereed journals and 7 book chapters.Mohamad Faizal Ibrahim is an Associate Professor at the Department of Bioprocess Technology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, and Deputy Director of the university's Research Management Centre. With a Scopus h-Index of 25 and over 1900 citations, he has published more than 80 cited journal articles and book chapter, and edited 3 books.Mohd Azwan Jenol is a Senior Lecturer at the Faculty of Industrial Sciences and Technology, Universiti Malaysia Pahang Al-Sultan Abdullah. With a Scopus h-Index of 14 and over 950 citations, he has authored 13 high-impact journal articles, 6 review papers, and 37 book chapters with international publishers.

• List of Contributors xiAbout the Editors xvPreface xix1 Introduction to Biomass Valorization and Green Chemistry 1Suraini Abd-Aziz, Lai-Yee Phang, Mohamad Faizal Ibrahim, Mohd Azwan Jenol, and Muhammad Faez Aiman Muhd Azam1.1 Introduction 11.2 Biomass as a Renewable Feedstock 21.3 Relevance to Circular Economy Models 31.4 Composition and Variability of Biomass Feedstocks 31.5 Principles of Green Chemistry in Biomass Utilization 41.6 Minimization of Hazardous By-products 91.7 General Conversion Routes for Biomass Valorization 101.8 Biomass-derived Products 131.9 Conclusions 182 Feedstock Selection and Pretreatment Strategies 23Mohd Azwan Jenol, Lai-Yee Phang, Mitra Mohammadi, and Muhammad Faiz Abu Samad2.1 Introduction 232.2 Availability of Biomass for Fine Chemical Production 242.3 Starch-based Biomass 262.4 Other Types of Biomass Available for Bioconversion of Fine Chemicals 282.5 Feasibility of Pretreatment Strategies in Valorization of Biomass 302.6 Integrated and Emerging Pretreatment Strategies 392.7 Current State and Challenges in Biomass Availability and Processing 402.8 Conclusions 433 Catalytic and Green Solvent-assisted Biomass Conversion 47Anamika Kushwaha, Adina Thankam George, Akhilesh Bind, Aman Prakash, Lalit Goswami, Suchada Chanprateep Napathorn, and Beom Soo Kim3.1 Introduction 473.2 ILs and DESs for Biorefinery 483.3 Properties, Toxicity, Degradability, and Biocompatibility of ILs and DESs 493.4 Industrial Implementation of ILs and DESs in Biorefineries 513.5 Mechanisms of Biomass Pretreatment with Different Types of ILs and DESs 513.6 Comparison of the Different Biomass Pretreatments with IL Mechanisms 563.7 Technological Scale-up of ILs and DESs for Biorefinery Applications 583.8 Technological Challenges 633.9 Conclusions 644 Thermochemical and Biochemical Conversion Pathways 69Khemmathin Lueangwattanapong, Nutchapon Chiarasumran, Maythee Saisriyoot, Anusith Thanapimmetha, and Penjit Srinophakun4.1 Introduction 694.2 Thermochemical Pathway for Biomass-derived Fine Chemicals 704.3 Biochemical Conversion Pathway for Fine Chemicals 824.4 Comparative Analysis of Thermochemical and Biochemical Conversion Pathways 914.5 Conclusions 955 Biocatalysis and Enzyme-based Transformations 101Adityas Agung Ramandani, Chi-Wei (John) Lan, Yu-Kaung Chang, and Kuan Shiong Khoo5.1 Introduction 1015.2 Enzymes as Green Catalysts 1035.3 Classification of Biocatalytic Enzymes 1095.4 Applications for Fine Chemical Synthesis 1135.5 Advantages of Enzyme-based Transformations 1145.6 Challenges in Industrial Biocatalysis 1175.7 Conclusions 1206 Biomass-derived Platform Chemicals for Fine Chemical Production 125Misri Gozan, Andre Fahriz Perdana Harahap, Muryanto Muryanto, Kritsana Namhaed, and Worapon Kiatkittipong6.1 Introduction 1256.2 Biorefinery Concept 1256.3 Primary Building Blocks from Lignocellulosic Biomass 1306.4 Products and Applications 1326.5 Lignin-derived Phenolic Compounds and Bio-based Aromatics 1396.6 Industrial Relevance and Case Studies 1406.7 Conclusions 1427 Process Intensification, Technoeconomic Feasibility, and Life Cycle Assessment 147Aye Myat Theint Kyaw, Penjit Srinophakun, Anusith Thanapimmetha, Maythee Saisriyoot, Khemmathin Lueangwattanapong, and Nutchapon Chiarasumran7.1 Introduction to Process Intensification in Biomass Conversion 1477.2 Advanced Reactor Designs 1487.3 Integration of Separation and Reaction 1507.4 Case Studies of Intensified Biomass Conversion Processes 1517.5 Technoeconomic Feasibility Assessment 1557.6 Economic Performance Indicators (NPV, IRR, Payback) 1567.7 Sensitivity Analysis and Risk Assessment 1577.8 Market Competitiveness and Policy Influences 1577.9 Life Cycle Assessment 1597.10 Integration of Findings and Strategic Insights 1627.11 Conclusions and Future Outlook 1638 Policy, Regulations, and Market Trends in Biomass-based Fine Chemicals 167Ahmad Hanis Izani Abdul Hadi, Nitty Hirawaty Kamarulzaman, and Shaufique Fahmi Sidique8.1 Introduction 1678.2 Overview of Biomass-based Fine Chemicals 1678.3 Global Market and Growth Trends 1688.4 Global Policies and Incentives for Sustainable Chemical Production 1688.5 Current Market Landscape, Key Feedstocks, and Supply Chain of Biomass 1758.6 Challenges and Opportunities 1798.7 Conclusions 1819 Case Studies on Industrial and Academic Research Innovations 189Zaiton Samdin, Norfaryanti Kamaruddin, and Nolila Mohd Nawi9.1 Introduction 1899.2 Overview of Oil Palm Biomass in Malaysia 1919.3 Stakeholder Mapping in the Biomass Value Chain 1949.4 Current Innovation Status of Fine Chemicals from Biomass 1999.5 Enabling Innovation Pathways for Biomass-derived Fine Chemicals in Malaysia 2029.6 Conclusions 20610 Future Perspectives and Challenges in Green Biomass Utilization 211Mohamad Faizal Ibrahim, Hussaini Adib Haslan, Fadhlullah Shahmi Azhar, and Suraini Abd-Aziz10.1 Introduction 21110.2 Emerging Trends and Novel Research Directions on Biomass Utilization 21310.3 Technological Gaps and Innovation Opportunities 22210.4 Global Policy Trends Supporting Biomass-derived Fine Chemicals 22410.5 Conclusions 225References 226Index 229