Biofouling Methods
Inbunden, Engelska, 2014
Av Sergey Dobretsov, David N. Williams, Jeremy C. Thomason, David N Williams, Jeremy C Thomason
2 669 kr
Produktinformation
- Utgivningsdatum2014-10-10
- Mått175 x 252 x 27 mm
- Vikt789 g
- SpråkEngelska
- Antal sidor392
- FörlagJohn Wiley and Sons Ltd
- EAN9780470659854
Tillhör följande kategorier
Dr. Sergey Dobretsov has worked for more than 20 years on biofouling, is widely published, and is the co-inventor on four international antifouling patents. He trained as a biologist in St Petersburg State University, Russia, and has worked in leading biofouling research centers in Russia, Hong Kong, Germany, and the USA. He is currently an Assistant Professor at Sultan Qaboos University, Oman. He is on the editorial boards of the journals Marine Ecology Progress Series and Biofouling.Dr. David N. Williams is the RD&I Director for AkzoNobel Marine & Protective Coatings. Based in the North East of England he originally trained as a chemist at Durham University and at Lausanne University, Switzerland. His specific expertise is in the area of nonbiocidal antifouling technologies and he is the co-inventor on a number of patents on silicone foul-release coatings and applications.Dr. Jeremy C. Thomason is a marine biologist, a former academic at a British University and Royal Society Industrial Research Fellow, and now runs a scientific and technical consultancy, Ecoteknica, from the Yucatán, México. He has worked in the field of biofouling for more than 20 years, is co-inventor on several patents, and is a co-editor of the book Biofouling also published by Wiley Blackwell in 2010.
- List of Contributors xii Introduction xviGuide to Methods xviiiPart I Methods for Microfouling 1Part Editor: Sergey Dobretsov1 Microscopy of biofilms 3Section 1 Traditional light and epifluorescent microscopy 4Sergey Dobretsov and Raeid M.M. Abed1.1 Introduction 41.2 Determination of bacterial abundance 81.3 Catalyzed reporter deposition fluorescent in situ hybridization (CARD-FISH) 91.4 Suggestions, with examples, for data analysis and presentation 12Acknowledgements 13References 13Section 2 Confocal laser scanning microscopy 15Koty Sharp1.5 Introduction 151.6 Materials, equipment, and method 181.7 Image acquisition 211.8 Presentation 211.9 Troubleshooting hints and tips 211.10 Notes 23References 23Section 3 Electron microscopy 26Omar Skalli, Lou G. Boykins, and Lewis Coons1.11 Introduction 261.12 Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) 271.13 Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) 35References 402 Traditional and bulk methods for biofilms 44Section 1 Traditional microbiological methods 45Hans-Uwe Dahms2.1 Introduction 452.2 Enrichment culture, isolation of microbes 452.3 Counting methods 482.4 Troubleshooting hints and tips 49References 50Section 2 Bulk methods 52Sergey Dobretsov2.5 Introduction 522.6 Measurement of biofilm thickness 532.7 Biofilm dry weight determination 542.8 Biofilm ATP content 552.9 Troubleshooting hints and tips 56Acknowledgements 57References 573 Biocide testing against microbes 58Section 1 Testing biocides in solution: flow cytometry for planktonic stages 59Tristan Biggs, Tom Vance, and Glen Tarran3.1 Introduction 593.2 Method introductions 603.3 Pros and cons 663.4 Materials and equipment 673.5 Methods 683.6 Troubleshooting hints and tips 703.7 Suggestions 71References 72Section 2 Biocide testing using single and multispecies biofilms 76Torben Lund Skovhus3.8 Introduction 763.9 Questions to answer when applying biocides 763.10 Laboratory methods for testing biocide effect 783.11 Field methods for testing biocide effect 813.12 Troubleshooting hints and tips 83Acknowledgements 84References 844 Molecular methods for biofilms 87Section 1 Isolation of nucleic acids 88Isabel Ferrera and Vanessa Balagué4.1 Introduction 884.2 Materials 894.3 Isolation of DNA from a biofilm 904.4 Troubleshooting hints and tips 91References 91Section 2 PCR and DNA sequencing 93Christian R. Voolstra, Manuel Aranda, and Till Bayer4.5 PCR and DNA sequencing: General introduction 934.6 PCR 934.7 Microbial marker genes – 16S 944.8 DNA sequencing 954.9 454 16S amplicon pyrotag sequencing 954.10 Protocol 1: DNA extraction using the Qiagen DNeasy Plant Mini Kit 964.11 Protocol 2: Full-length 16S PCR using the Qiagen Multiplex Kit 984.12 Protocol 3: Analysis of full-length 16S genes 1004.13 Protocol 4: 16S amplicon PCR for 454 sequencing using the Qiagen Multiplex Kit 1024.14 Protocol 5: Trimming and filtering of 454 16S pyrotag sequencing 1064.15 Protocol 6: Taxon-based analyses 1084.16 Protocol 7: Phylogeny-based analyses 109References 111Section 3 Community comparison by genetic fingerprinting techniques 114Raeid M.M. Abed and Sergey Dobretsov4.17 Introduction 1144.18 History and principles of the methods 1154.19 Advantages and limitations of fingerprinting techniques 1164.20 Materials and equipment 1164.21 Suggestions for data analysis and presentation 1214.22 Troubleshooting hints and tips 121Acknowledgements 122References 122Section 4 Metagenomics 125Sarah M. Owens, Jared Wilkening, Jennifer L. Fessle, and Jack A. Gilbert4.23 Introduction and brief summary of methods 1254.24 Overview of metagenomics methods 1254.25 Method introduction 1264.26 Overview of DNA handling for BAC library construction 1274.27 BAC and Fosmid library construction 1274.28 Library handling, archiving, and databasing 1284.29 Facilitating library screening 1284.30 Time frame considerations 1294.31 Materials and equipment 1294.32 Detailed methods: DNA handling and BAC library construction 1304.33 Troubleshooting tips 1314.34 Suggestions for data analysis 1324.35 Suggestions for presentation of data 134Acknowledgements 135References 1355 Methods for biofilm constituents and turnover 138Section 1 Destructive and nondestructive methods 139Arnaud Bridier, Florence Dubois-Brissonnet, and Romain Briandet5.1 Introduction 1395.2 Pros and cons of destructive and nondestructive M-LSM methods for biofilm analysis 1405.3 Materials and equipment required for M-LSM 1405.4 Example of questions than can be answered with the method 1405.5 Suggestions for data analysis and presentation 148References 149Section 2 Biofilm formation and quorum sensing bioassays 153Clayton E. Cox, William J. Zaragoza, Cory J. Krediet, and Max Teplitski5.6 Introduction 1535.7 Materials and equipment 1575.8 Methods 157Acknowledgements 165References 1656 Sampling and experiments with biofilms in the environment 168Section 1 Field trials with biofilms 169Jeremy C. Thomason6.1 Introduction 1696.2 Materials and equipment 1706.3 Method 1706.4 Troubleshooting hints and tips 1716.5 Suggestions for data analysis and presentation 172References 173Section 2 Sampling from large structures such as ballast tanks 175Robert L. Forsberg, Anne E. Meyer, and Robert E. Baier6.6 Introduction 1756.7 Materials and equipment 1786.8 Troubleshooting hints and tips 1806.9 Analytical methods 1806.10 Suggestions for data analysis and presentation 182References 182Section 3 Sampling from living organisms 184Christina A. Kellogg6.11 Introduction 1846.12 Historical background 1856.13 Advantages and limitations of collection techniques 1856.14 Protocols 1866.15 Suggestions for data analysis 1876.16 Troubleshooting hints and tips 187Acknowledgment 188References 188Section 4 Optical methods in the field 190Richard J. Murphy6.17 Introduction 1906.18 Examples of the use of optical methods 1916.19 Spectral characteristics of biofilms 1926.20 The use of chlorophyll-a as an index of biomass of biofilm 1936.21 Multi-versus hyperspectral measurements (CIR imagery versus field spectrometry) 1946.22 Calibration of data to reflectance 1956.23 Suggestions for data analysis and presentation 1956.24 Methods 1976.25 Troubleshooting hints and tips 201References 2027 Laboratory experiments and cultures 204Section 1 Static, constant depth and/or flow cells 205Robert L. Forsberg, Anne E. Meyer, and Robert E. Baier7.1 Introduction 2057.2 Portable Biofouling Unit 2077.3 Pros and cons of the method 2077.4 Materials and equipment 2087.5 Suggestions for data analysis 2097.6 “Benchmark” bacteria and biofilm characterization 2107.7 Troubleshooting hints and tips 212References 212Section 2 Mixed population fermentor 214Jennifer Longyear7.8 Introduction 2147.9 Pros and cons 2157.10 Fermentor 2157.11 Mixed species microfouling culture 2157.12 Utilizing the fermentor test section 2187.13 Troubleshooting, hints and tips 218References 219Part II Methods for Macrofouling, Coatings and Biocides 221Part Editors: Jeremy C. Thomason, David N. Williams.8 Measuring larval availability, supply and behavior 223Section 1 Larval availability and supply 224Sarah Dudas and Joe Tyburczy8.1 Introduction to measuring larval availability and supply 2248.2 Measuring settlement and recruitment 235References 238Section 2 Larval behavior 241Jeremy C. Thomason8.3 Introduction 2418.4 Method for tracking larvae 2428.5 Troubleshooting hints and tips 2458.6 Suggestions for data analysis and presentation 246References 2499 Assessing macrofouling 251Section 1: Assessing fouling assemblages 252João Canning-Clode and Heather Sugden9.1 Introduction 2529.2 A note on taxonomy 2539.3 Field methods 2539.4 Digital methods 2589.5 Functional groups 2619.6 Predicting total richness: from the known to the unknown 264References 267Section 2 Assessment of in-service vessels for biosecurity risk 271Francisco Sylvester and Oliver Floerl9.7 Introduction 2719.8 Surveys of vessel hulls 2729.9 Sample and data analysis 277Acknowledgements 279References 279Section 3 Experiments on a global scale 281Mark Lenz9.10 Experiments in ecology: the need for scaling up 2819.11 GAME – a program for modular experimental research in marine ecology 2819.12 Marine macrofouling communities as model systems 2829.13 Chronology of a GAME project 283Acknowledgements 289References 28910 Efficacy testing of nonbiocidal and fouling-release coatings 291Maureen E. Callow, James A. Callow, Sheelagh Conlan, Anthony S. Clare, and Shane Stafslien10.1 Introduction 29110.2 Test organisms 29310.3 Test samples 29410.4 “Antifouling” settlement assays 29510.5 Fouling-release assays 29910.6 Adhesion assays for high-throughput screening 30410.7 Apparatus 310Acknowledgements 313References 31411 Contact angle measurements 317Section 1 Surface characterization by contact angle measurements 318Doris M. Fopp-Spori11.1 Introduction 31811.2 Liquids in contact with solids 31811.3 Reproducible contact angle measurements 32011.4 Surface energy calculations 323References 324Section 2 Underwater contact angle measurement by the captive bubble method 326Pierre Martin-Tanchereau11.5 Introduction 32611.6 Materials and requirements 32711.7 Method 32911.8 Surface energy 330Acknowledgements 330References 33112 Efficacy testing of biocides and biocidal coatings 332Christine Bressy, Jean-François Briand, Chantal Compère, and Karine Réhel12.1 Introduction 33212.2 Laboratory assays for biocides 33312.3 Field test methodology for biocidal coatings 337References 34313 Commercialization 346Section 1 Processing a new marine biocide from innovation through regulatory approvals towards commercialization 347Lena Lindblat13.1 Introduction 34713.2 Basics about the regulatory landscape from the academic perspective 34913.3 Risk, risk assessment and risk management 34913.4 Future directions 35313.5 Conclusions 355References 356Section 2 From laboratory to ship: pragmatic development of fouling control coatings in industry 358Richie Ramsden and Jennifer Longyear13.6 Introduction 35813.7 Laboratory coating development 35813.8 Laboratory bioassay screening 35913.9 Fitness for purpose (FFP) testing 36013.10 Field antifouling performance testing 36113.11 Test patch and vessel trials 36313.12 Performance monitoring 36413.13 Summary 365References 365Index 366