Jean-Charles Maré is Professor at the National Institute of Applied Sciences (INSA), and researcher at the Clément Ader Institute in Toulouse, France.

• Introduction ixChapter 1. Electrically Signaled Actuators (Signal-by-Wire) 11.1. Evolution towards SbW through the example of the flight controls 21.1.1. Military applications 21.1.2. Commercial aircraft 31.1.3. Helicopters and compound helicopters 51.2. Incremental evolution from all mechanical to all electrical 91.2.1. Exclusively mechanical signaling 91.2.2. Fly-by-Wire 181.3. Challenges associated with electrical signaling 221.3.1. Electrical interfaces 221.3.2. Evolution of the control and information transmission architectures 301.3.3. Reliability and backup channels 321.4. The example of landing gears 35Chapter 2. Signal-by-Wire Architectures and Communication 392.1. Architectures 402.1.1. Federated architectures 402.1.2. Integrated modular architectures 412.2. Data transmission 432.2.1. CAN 452.2.2. RS422 and RS485 462.2.3. ARINC 429 462.2.4. MIL-STD-1553B 482.2.5. ARINC 629 482.2.6. AS-5643/IEEE-1394b 492.2.7. AFDX (ARINC 664 Part 7) 502.2.8. Triggered time protocol (TTP/C) 522.3. Evolutions in data transmission 532.3.1. Power over data and power line communication 542.3.2. Optical data transmission (Signal-by-Light or SbL) 552.3.3. Wireless data transmission (Signal-by-WireLess or SbWL) 58Chapter 3. Power-by-Wire 593.1. Disadvantages of hydraulic power transmission 603.1.1. Power capacity of hydraulic pumps 613.1.2. Hydraulic pump efficiency 613.1.3. Centralized power generation 623.1.4. Power transmission by mass transfer 623.1.5. Control of power by energy dissipation 633.2. Electrical power versus hydraulic power 643.3. Improving hydraulically supplied solutions 683.3.1. Reduction of energy losses in actuators 683.3.2. Increased network power density 703.3.3. Other concepts 703.4. Concepts combining hydraulics and electrics 713.4.1. Local electro-hydraulic generation 713.4.2. Electro-hydrostatic actuators 733.5. All electric actuation (hydraulic-less) 813.5.1. Principle of the electro-mechanical actuator 81Chapter 4. Electric Power Transmission and Control 834.1. Electric power transportation to PbW actuators 834.1.1. Form 844.1.2. Voltage and current levels 854.2. Electric motors 914.2.1. Elementary electric machines 914.2.2. Conversion of electrical power into mechanical power 954.3. Power conversion, control and management 984.3.1. Electric power system of a PbW actuator 984.3.2. Principle and interest of static switches 1004.3.3. Groups of switches: commutation cell, chopper and inverter 1034.3.4. Inverter command 1054.3.5. The power architecture of a PbW actuator 1134.4. Induced, undergone or exploited effects 1154.4.1. Dynamics in presence 1154.4.2. Torque ripple 1184.4.3. Energy losses 1194.4.4. Impact of concepts and architectures on performances 1244.4.5. Reliability 1274.5. Integration 1304.5.1. Overall integration of the actuator 1304.5.2. Cooling 1334.5.3. Mechanical architecture of motor control/power electronic units . 135Chapter 5. Electro-hydrostatic Actuators 1395.1. Historical background and maturing of EHAs 1395.1.1. PbW actuators with variable displacement pump (EHA-VD) 1395.1.2. Fixed displacement and variable speed EHA actuators 1455.2. EHA in service and feedback 1595.3. EHA specificities 1615.3.1. Pumps 1615.3.2. Filling and charging 1635.3.3. Dynamic increase of mean pressure (pump-up) 1645.3.4. Energy losses and thermal equilibrium 1645.3.5. Dissymmetry 1685.3.6. Control 169Chapter 6. Electro-mechanical Actuators 1716.1. Development and operation of electromechanical actuators 1726.1.1. Space launchers 1736.1.2. Flight controls 1796.1.3. Landing gears 1856.1.4. Helicopters 1916.1.5. Application to engines 1946.2. Specificities of EMAs 1956.2.1. Power architectures 1966.2.2. Power management functions 2036.2.3. Jamming 2066.2.4. Breakage 2126.2.5. Thermal equilibrium 2146.2.6. Control 2146.2.7. Further considerations 217Bibliography 219Notations and Acronyms 235Index 245