Paula McGee is Professor Emerita of Nursing, Faculty of Health, Education and Life Sciences, Birmingham City University, Birmingham, UK. Chris Inman is Senior Lecturer and former long-standing Programme Director, Masters in Advanced Practice, Faculty of Health, Education and Life Sciences, Birmingham City University, Birmingham, UK and a committee member of the Association of the Advanced Practice Educators, UK.

• Note on Contributors xiIntroduction xvPart 1 Advanced Practice as a Global Phenomenon1 The Conceptualization of Advanced Practice 3Paula McGee and Chris Inman1.1 Introduction 31.2 Competence 51.3 Variations in Advanced Practice 121.4 Conclusion 15References 162 An International Perspective of Advanced Nursing Practice 19Madrean Schober2.1 Introduction: Overview of Advanced Nursing Practice 202.2 Advanced Nursing Practice Defined: An International Position 202.3 Drivers and Motivation 232.4 Influence of International Organizations 242.5 Regional and Country Profiles of Advanced Nursing Practice 262.6 Country‐specific Initiatives 282.7 International Collaboration for a New Initiative 302.8 Controversial Issues 312.9 Challenges 332.10 Conclusion 36References 373 Development of Advanced Practice Nursing Roles in the Netherlands 39Christine de Vries de Winter3.1 Introduction 393.2 The Dutch Healthcare System 403.3 Development of Advanced Nursing Practice in the Netherlands 413.4 Regulation of Advanced Practice 423.5 Preparation of Advanced Nurse Practitioners 423.6 Issues in Advanced Practice in the Netherlands 453.7 Education 463.8 The Future of Advanced Nursing Practice: Innovation in Healthcare and Education 463.9 Conclusion 48References 494 Advanced Practice in Nursing and Midwifery: The Contribution to Healthcare in Australia 51Grainne Lowe and Virginia Plummer4.1 Introduction 514.2 Advanced Practice in Australia 524.3 Current Issues in Advanced Practice in Australia 574.4 Advanced Practice in Midwifery 604.5 Conclusion 61References 625 Influences on the Development of Advanced Nursing Practice in the UK 65Paula McGee5.1 Introduction 655.2 The National Health Service in the UK 665.3 Health Policy 675.4 Influence of Health Policies and Reform of the National Health Service 675.5 Influence of Nursing Strategies 715.6 Influence of Nursing Organizations 735.7 Conclusion 79References 80Part 2 Advanced Practice in Allied Health Professions6 The Development of Advanced Practice in the Allied Health Professions in the UK 85Paula McGee6.1 Introduction 856.2 Background to the Development of Advanced Practice in Allied Health Professions 876.3 Advanced Practice in Allied Health Professions 906.4 Advanced Practice in Physiotherapy 906.5 Advanced Practice Paramedics 916.6 Current Issues in Advanced Practice in Allied Health Professions 926.7 Conclusion 98References 997 Advanced Practice in the Radiography Professions 101Nick White and Helen White7.1 Introduction 1017.2 Worldwide Variation in the Adoption of Advanced Practice in Radiography 1027.3 Four‐tier Service and Advanced Practice in Radiography 1027.4 Educational Preparation for Advanced Practice Roles in Radiography 1047.5 Defining Advanced Practice – Do Role Specialism and Role Extension in Radiography Truly Lead to “Advanced Practice”? 1057.6 Taking Stock: The Deployment of Advanced Practitioners within the Diagnostic Imaging, Radiotherapy, and Ultrasound Communities of Practice 1077.7 Future Developments and Opportunities 1107.8 Conclusion 112References 1138 Advanced Practice in Speech and Language Therapy 115Susan Beaumont8.1 Introduction 1158.2 The Role of the Advanced Practitioner Speech and Language Therapist 1208.3 Current Challenges in Advanced Speech and Language Therapy 1238.4 Conclusion 124References 125Part 3 The Advanced Practitioner in Direct Patient Care9 Prescribing and Advanced Practice 131Andrew Campbell9.1 Introduction 1319.2 The History of Non‐medical Prescribing in the UK 1329.3 Registered Non‐medical Prescribers in England 1339.4 Preparing for Prescribing 1339.5 Who May Prescribe What? 1359.6 The Principles of Effective Prescribing 1389.7 Safety and Clinical Governance 1419.8 The Future of Non‐medical Prescribing 1429.9 Conclusion 144References 14510 The Advanced Clinical Nurse Practitioner and Direct Care 147Mary Hutchinson10.1 Introduction 14710.2 Holistic Health Assessment 15410.3 Conclusion 155References 15611 The Advanced Critical Care Practitioner 159Paula McGee and Jonathan Downham11.1 Introduction 15911.2 The Advanced Critical Care Practitioner Role 16011.3 Scope of Practice 16111.4 Competences for the Advanced Critical Care Practitioner Role 16411.5 Processes in the Development of the Advanced Critical Care Practitioner Role 16511.6 Current Issues in Advanced Critical Practice 16911.7 Conclusion 170References 17112 The Interface between Advanced Nursing and Medical Practice 173Lesley Kavi and Paula McGee12.1 Introduction 17312.2 General Practice in the UK 17412.3 Current Issues in General Practice 17512.4 Advanced Nursing Practice 17612.5 The Advantages and Disadvantages of Advanced Nursing Practice in General Practice 18112.6 Conclusion 184References 185Part 4 Developing Advanced Practitioners’ Skills13 Legal and Ethical Issues Related to Professional Practice 189Nicola J Stock13.1 Introduction 19013.2 Ethical Theories 19013.3 The Mental Capacity Act 19413.4 Deprivation of Liberty Safeguards 19513.5 Consent, Autonomy, and Advocacy 19613.6 Negligence 19713.7 Handling Complaints 19913.8 Whistleblowing 20013.9 Duty of Candor 20113.10 Improving Care Quality 20213.11 Conclusion 202References 20414 Advanced Practice in a Diverse Society 205Paula McGee14.1 Introduction 20514.2 Human Rights 20614.3 Tackling Discrimination 20914.4 Advanced Practice Competences 21314.5 A Way Forward – Having That Difficult Conversation 21714.6 Conclusion 218References 22015 Educational and Professional Influences on Advanced and Consultant Practitioners 223Chris Inman15.1 Introduction 22315.2 The Education of Advanced Practitioners in the UK 22415.3 Collaboration with the Netherlands 22515.4 Consultant Practitioners 22715.5 Consultant Roles and Research 22815.6 The Interface between Medicine and Advanced and Consultant Practitioners 22915.7 The Advanced Practitioner’s Role – Enhancing the Impact on Care 23015.8 Conclusion 231References 23216 Assessment of Advanced Practice 235Chris Inman16.1 Introduction 23516.2 Stages and Subject Areas of Advanced Practice Master’s Courses in the UK 23716.3 Advanced Health Assessments and OSCEs in Universities in the UK 23916.4 OSCEs – Recent Published Research 24116.5 Practice Assessments and Requirements for a Portfolio of Evidence 24416.6 The Second and Third Stages of Assessment for a Master’s Degree 24616.7 End‐point Assessment – Master’s‐degree Apprenticeship 24616.8 Conclusion 247References 24817 Leadership in Advanced Practice 251Paula McGee17.1 Introduction 25117.2 The Nature of Leadership 25217.3 Attributes of the Leader 25317.4 Leadership and Management 25517.5 Leadership in Advanced Practice 25517.6 Conclusion 262References 26318 Research Competence in Advanced Practice 265Paula McGee18.1 Introduction 26518.2 Research Competence in Advanced Practice 26618.3 Direct Patient Care 27018.4 Publication of Research Results 27318.5 An Agenda for Research 27718.6 Conclusion 278References 27919 Conclusion: The Future for Advanced Practice 281Paula McGee and Chris Inman19.1 Introduction 28119.2 Full Practice Authority 28319.3 The Relationship with Medicine 28419.4 The Preparation of Advanced Practitioners 285References 286Index 287

‘Besides its efficient use of international spheres to paint a complete (and varied) picture of the ACP role, another of this book’s strengths is the academic rigour with which it is presented.  Likely readers of this volume will be healthcare practitioners thoroughly involved in research, education and leadership (besides clinical expertise). They will find the book both extremely informative, as it is pitched at the right level of their academic maturity and critical reasoning. Furthermore, those studying to become ACPs will find the book infused with the professional discourse that is crucial to embody as part of developing into a cross-boundary role.’ – Journal of Perioperative Practice

Paula McGee is Professor Emerita of Nursing, Faculty of Health, Education and Life Sciences, Birmingham City University, Birmingham, UK. Chris Inman is Senior Lecturer and former long-standing Programme Director, Masters in Advanced Practice, Faculty of Health, Education and Life Sciences, Birmingham City University, Birmingham, UK and a committee member of the Association of the Advanced Practice Educators, UK.

• Note on Contributors xiIntroduction xvPart 1 Advanced Practice as a Global Phenomenon1 The Conceptualization of Advanced Practice 3Paula McGee and Chris Inman1.1 Introduction 31.2 Competence 51.3 Variations in Advanced Practice 121.4 Conclusion 15References 162 An International Perspective of Advanced Nursing Practice 19Madrean Schober2.1 Introduction: Overview of Advanced Nursing Practice 202.2 Advanced Nursing Practice Defined: An International Position 202.3 Drivers and Motivation 232.4 Influence of International Organizations 242.5 Regional and Country Profiles of Advanced Nursing Practice 262.6 Country‐specific Initiatives 282.7 International Collaboration for a New Initiative 302.8 Controversial Issues 312.9 Challenges 332.10 Conclusion 36References 373 Development of Advanced Practice Nursing Roles in the Netherlands 39Christine de Vries de Winter3.1 Introduction 393.2 The Dutch Healthcare System 403.3 Development of Advanced Nursing Practice in the Netherlands 413.4 Regulation of Advanced Practice 423.5 Preparation of Advanced Nurse Practitioners 423.6 Issues in Advanced Practice in the Netherlands 453.7 Education 463.8 The Future of Advanced Nursing Practice: Innovation in Healthcare and Education 463.9 Conclusion 48References 494 Advanced Practice in Nursing and Midwifery: The Contribution to Healthcare in Australia 51Grainne Lowe and Virginia Plummer4.1 Introduction 514.2 Advanced Practice in Australia 524.3 Current Issues in Advanced Practice in Australia 574.4 Advanced Practice in Midwifery 604.5 Conclusion 61References 625 Influences on the Development of Advanced Nursing Practice in the UK 65Paula McGee5.1 Introduction 655.2 The National Health Service in the UK 665.3 Health Policy 675.4 Influence of Health Policies and Reform of the National Health Service 675.5 Influence of Nursing Strategies 715.6 Influence of Nursing Organizations 735.7 Conclusion 79References 80Part 2 Advanced Practice in Allied Health Professions6 The Development of Advanced Practice in the Allied Health Professions in the UK 85Paula McGee6.1 Introduction 856.2 Background to the Development of Advanced Practice in Allied Health Professions 876.3 Advanced Practice in Allied Health Professions 906.4 Advanced Practice in Physiotherapy 906.5 Advanced Practice Paramedics 916.6 Current Issues in Advanced Practice in Allied Health Professions 926.7 Conclusion 98References 997 Advanced Practice in the Radiography Professions 101Nick White and Helen White7.1 Introduction 1017.2 Worldwide Variation in the Adoption of Advanced Practice in Radiography 1027.3 Four‐tier Service and Advanced Practice in Radiography 1027.4 Educational Preparation for Advanced Practice Roles in Radiography 1047.5 Defining Advanced Practice – Do Role Specialism and Role Extension in Radiography Truly Lead to “Advanced Practice”? 1057.6 Taking Stock: The Deployment of Advanced Practitioners within the Diagnostic Imaging, Radiotherapy, and Ultrasound Communities of Practice 1077.7 Future Developments and Opportunities 1107.8 Conclusion 112References 1138 Advanced Practice in Speech and Language Therapy 115Susan Beaumont8.1 Introduction 1158.2 The Role of the Advanced Practitioner Speech and Language Therapist 1208.3 Current Challenges in Advanced Speech and Language Therapy 1238.4 Conclusion 124References 125Part 3 The Advanced Practitioner in Direct Patient Care9 Prescribing and Advanced Practice 131Andrew Campbell9.1 Introduction 1319.2 The History of Non‐medical Prescribing in the UK 1329.3 Registered Non‐medical Prescribers in England 1339.4 Preparing for Prescribing 1339.5 Who May Prescribe What? 1359.6 The Principles of Effective Prescribing 1389.7 Safety and Clinical Governance 1419.8 The Future of Non‐medical Prescribing 1429.9 Conclusion 144References 14510 The Advanced Clinical Nurse Practitioner and Direct Care 147Mary Hutchinson10.1 Introduction 14710.2 Holistic Health Assessment 15410.3 Conclusion 155References 15611 The Advanced Critical Care Practitioner 159Paula McGee and Jonathan Downham11.1 Introduction 15911.2 The Advanced Critical Care Practitioner Role 16011.3 Scope of Practice 16111.4 Competences for the Advanced Critical Care Practitioner Role 16411.5 Processes in the Development of the Advanced Critical Care Practitioner Role 16511.6 Current Issues in Advanced Critical Practice 16911.7 Conclusion 170References 17112 The Interface between Advanced Nursing and Medical Practice 173Lesley Kavi and Paula McGee12.1 Introduction 17312.2 General Practice in the UK 17412.3 Current Issues in General Practice 17512.4 Advanced Nursing Practice 17612.5 The Advantages and Disadvantages of Advanced Nursing Practice in General Practice 18112.6 Conclusion 184References 185Part 4 Developing Advanced Practitioners’ Skills13 Legal and Ethical Issues Related to Professional Practice 189Nicola J Stock13.1 Introduction 19013.2 Ethical Theories 19013.3 The Mental Capacity Act 19413.4 Deprivation of Liberty Safeguards 19513.5 Consent, Autonomy, and Advocacy 19613.6 Negligence 19713.7 Handling Complaints 19913.8 Whistleblowing 20013.9 Duty of Candor 20113.10 Improving Care Quality 20213.11 Conclusion 202References 20414 Advanced Practice in a Diverse Society 205Paula McGee14.1 Introduction 20514.2 Human Rights 20614.3 Tackling Discrimination 20914.4 Advanced Practice Competences 21314.5 A Way Forward – Having That Difficult Conversation 21714.6 Conclusion 218References 22015 Educational and Professional Influences on Advanced and Consultant Practitioners 223Chris Inman15.1 Introduction 22315.2 The Education of Advanced Practitioners in the UK 22415.3 Collaboration with the Netherlands 22515.4 Consultant Practitioners 22715.5 Consultant Roles and Research 22815.6 The Interface between Medicine and Advanced and Consultant Practitioners 22915.7 The Advanced Practitioner’s Role – Enhancing the Impact on Care 23015.8 Conclusion 231References 23216 Assessment of Advanced Practice 235Chris Inman16.1 Introduction 23516.2 Stages and Subject Areas of Advanced Practice Master’s Courses in the UK 23716.3 Advanced Health Assessments and OSCEs in Universities in the UK 23916.4 OSCEs – Recent Published Research 24116.5 Practice Assessments and Requirements for a Portfolio of Evidence 24416.6 The Second and Third Stages of Assessment for a Master’s Degree 24616.7 End‐point Assessment – Master’s‐degree Apprenticeship 24616.8 Conclusion 247References 24817 Leadership in Advanced Practice 251Paula McGee17.1 Introduction 25117.2 The Nature of Leadership 25217.3 Attributes of the Leader 25317.4 Leadership and Management 25517.5 Leadership in Advanced Practice 25517.6 Conclusion 262References 26318 Research Competence in Advanced Practice 265Paula McGee18.1 Introduction 26518.2 Research Competence in Advanced Practice 26618.3 Direct Patient Care 27018.4 Publication of Research Results 27318.5 An Agenda for Research 27718.6 Conclusion 278References 27919 Conclusion: The Future for Advanced Practice 281Paula McGee and Chris Inman19.1 Introduction 28119.2 Full Practice Authority 28319.3 The Relationship with Medicine 28419.4 The Preparation of Advanced Practitioners 285References 286Index 287

‘Besides its efficient use of international spheres to paint a complete (and varied) picture of the ACP role, another of this book’s strengths is the academic rigour with which it is presented.  Likely readers of this volume will be healthcare practitioners thoroughly involved in research, education and leadership (besides clinical expertise). They will find the book both extremely informative, as it is pitched at the right level of their academic maturity and critical reasoning. Furthermore, those studying to become ACPs will find the book infused with the professional discourse that is crucial to embody as part of developing into a cross-boundary role.’ – Journal of Perioperative Practice

Paula McGee is Professor Emerita of Nursing, Faculty of Health, Education and Life Sciences, Birmingham City University, Birmingham, UK. Chris Inman is Senior Lecturer and former long-standing Programme Director, Masters in Advanced Practice, Faculty of Health, Education and Life Sciences, Birmingham City University, Birmingham, UK and a committee member of the Association of the Advanced Practice Educators, UK.

• Note on Contributors xiIntroduction xvPart 1 Advanced Practice as a Global Phenomenon1 The Conceptualization of Advanced Practice 3Paula McGee and Chris Inman1.1 Introduction 31.2 Competence 51.3 Variations in Advanced Practice 121.4 Conclusion 15References 162 An International Perspective of Advanced Nursing Practice 19Madrean Schober2.1 Introduction: Overview of Advanced Nursing Practice 202.2 Advanced Nursing Practice Defined: An International Position 202.3 Drivers and Motivation 232.4 Influence of International Organizations 242.5 Regional and Country Profiles of Advanced Nursing Practice 262.6 Country‐specific Initiatives 282.7 International Collaboration for a New Initiative 302.8 Controversial Issues 312.9 Challenges 332.10 Conclusion 36References 373 Development of Advanced Practice Nursing Roles in the Netherlands 39Christine de Vries de Winter3.1 Introduction 393.2 The Dutch Healthcare System 403.3 Development of Advanced Nursing Practice in the Netherlands 413.4 Regulation of Advanced Practice 423.5 Preparation of Advanced Nurse Practitioners 423.6 Issues in Advanced Practice in the Netherlands 453.7 Education 463.8 The Future of Advanced Nursing Practice: Innovation in Healthcare and Education 463.9 Conclusion 48References 494 Advanced Practice in Nursing and Midwifery: The Contribution to Healthcare in Australia 51Grainne Lowe and Virginia Plummer4.1 Introduction 514.2 Advanced Practice in Australia 524.3 Current Issues in Advanced Practice in Australia 574.4 Advanced Practice in Midwifery 604.5 Conclusion 61References 625 Influences on the Development of Advanced Nursing Practice in the UK 65Paula McGee5.1 Introduction 655.2 The National Health Service in the UK 665.3 Health Policy 675.4 Influence of Health Policies and Reform of the National Health Service 675.5 Influence of Nursing Strategies 715.6 Influence of Nursing Organizations 735.7 Conclusion 79References 80Part 2 Advanced Practice in Allied Health Professions6 The Development of Advanced Practice in the Allied Health Professions in the UK 85Paula McGee6.1 Introduction 856.2 Background to the Development of Advanced Practice in Allied Health Professions 876.3 Advanced Practice in Allied Health Professions 906.4 Advanced Practice in Physiotherapy 906.5 Advanced Practice Paramedics 916.6 Current Issues in Advanced Practice in Allied Health Professions 926.7 Conclusion 98References 997 Advanced Practice in the Radiography Professions 101Nick White and Helen White7.1 Introduction 1017.2 Worldwide Variation in the Adoption of Advanced Practice in Radiography 1027.3 Four‐tier Service and Advanced Practice in Radiography 1027.4 Educational Preparation for Advanced Practice Roles in Radiography 1047.5 Defining Advanced Practice – Do Role Specialism and Role Extension in Radiography Truly Lead to “Advanced Practice”? 1057.6 Taking Stock: The Deployment of Advanced Practitioners within the Diagnostic Imaging, Radiotherapy, and Ultrasound Communities of Practice 1077.7 Future Developments and Opportunities 1107.8 Conclusion 112References 1138 Advanced Practice in Speech and Language Therapy 115Susan Beaumont8.1 Introduction 1158.2 The Role of the Advanced Practitioner Speech and Language Therapist 1208.3 Current Challenges in Advanced Speech and Language Therapy 1238.4 Conclusion 124References 125Part 3 The Advanced Practitioner in Direct Patient Care9 Prescribing and Advanced Practice 131Andrew Campbell9.1 Introduction 1319.2 The History of Non‐medical Prescribing in the UK 1329.3 Registered Non‐medical Prescribers in England 1339.4 Preparing for Prescribing 1339.5 Who May Prescribe What? 1359.6 The Principles of Effective Prescribing 1389.7 Safety and Clinical Governance 1419.8 The Future of Non‐medical Prescribing 1429.9 Conclusion 144References 14510 The Advanced Clinical Nurse Practitioner and Direct Care 147Mary Hutchinson10.1 Introduction 14710.2 Holistic Health Assessment 15410.3 Conclusion 155References 15611 The Advanced Critical Care Practitioner 159Paula McGee and Jonathan Downham11.1 Introduction 15911.2 The Advanced Critical Care Practitioner Role 16011.3 Scope of Practice 16111.4 Competences for the Advanced Critical Care Practitioner Role 16411.5 Processes in the Development of the Advanced Critical Care Practitioner Role 16511.6 Current Issues in Advanced Critical Practice 16911.7 Conclusion 170References 17112 The Interface between Advanced Nursing and Medical Practice 173Lesley Kavi and Paula McGee12.1 Introduction 17312.2 General Practice in the UK 17412.3 Current Issues in General Practice 17512.4 Advanced Nursing Practice 17612.5 The Advantages and Disadvantages of Advanced Nursing Practice in General Practice 18112.6 Conclusion 184References 185Part 4 Developing Advanced Practitioners’ Skills13 Legal and Ethical Issues Related to Professional Practice 189Nicola J Stock13.1 Introduction 19013.2 Ethical Theories 19013.3 The Mental Capacity Act 19413.4 Deprivation of Liberty Safeguards 19513.5 Consent, Autonomy, and Advocacy 19613.6 Negligence 19713.7 Handling Complaints 19913.8 Whistleblowing 20013.9 Duty of Candor 20113.10 Improving Care Quality 20213.11 Conclusion 202References 20414 Advanced Practice in a Diverse Society 205Paula McGee14.1 Introduction 20514.2 Human Rights 20614.3 Tackling Discrimination 20914.4 Advanced Practice Competences 21314.5 A Way Forward – Having That Difficult Conversation 21714.6 Conclusion 218References 22015 Educational and Professional Influences on Advanced and Consultant Practitioners 223Chris Inman15.1 Introduction 22315.2 The Education of Advanced Practitioners in the UK 22415.3 Collaboration with the Netherlands 22515.4 Consultant Practitioners 22715.5 Consultant Roles and Research 22815.6 The Interface between Medicine and Advanced and Consultant Practitioners 22915.7 The Advanced Practitioner’s Role – Enhancing the Impact on Care 23015.8 Conclusion 231References 23216 Assessment of Advanced Practice 235Chris Inman16.1 Introduction 23516.2 Stages and Subject Areas of Advanced Practice Master’s Courses in the UK 23716.3 Advanced Health Assessments and OSCEs in Universities in the UK 23916.4 OSCEs – Recent Published Research 24116.5 Practice Assessments and Requirements for a Portfolio of Evidence 24416.6 The Second and Third Stages of Assessment for a Master’s Degree 24616.7 End‐point Assessment – Master’s‐degree Apprenticeship 24616.8 Conclusion 247References 24817 Leadership in Advanced Practice 251Paula McGee17.1 Introduction 25117.2 The Nature of Leadership 25217.3 Attributes of the Leader 25317.4 Leadership and Management 25517.5 Leadership in Advanced Practice 25517.6 Conclusion 262References 26318 Research Competence in Advanced Practice 265Paula McGee18.1 Introduction 26518.2 Research Competence in Advanced Practice 26618.3 Direct Patient Care 27018.4 Publication of Research Results 27318.5 An Agenda for Research 27718.6 Conclusion 278References 27919 Conclusion: The Future for Advanced Practice 281Paula McGee and Chris Inman19.1 Introduction 28119.2 Full Practice Authority 28319.3 The Relationship with Medicine 28419.4 The Preparation of Advanced Practitioners 285References 286Index 287

‘Besides its efficient use of international spheres to paint a complete (and varied) picture of the ACP role, another of this book’s strengths is the academic rigour with which it is presented.  Likely readers of this volume will be healthcare practitioners thoroughly involved in research, education and leadership (besides clinical expertise). They will find the book both extremely informative, as it is pitched at the right level of their academic maturity and critical reasoning. Furthermore, those studying to become ACPs will find the book infused with the professional discourse that is crucial to embody as part of developing into a cross-boundary role.’ – Journal of Perioperative Practice