The Oxford Encyclopedia of Water Resources Management and Policy

Dale Whittington is Professor in the Departments of Environmental Sciences & Engineering and City & Regional Planning at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, and a Senior Research Fellow at the Institute of Water Policy at the Lee Kuan Yew School of Public Policy at the National University of Singapore. From 2007-2021 he was a part-time Professor at the University of Manchester. He is the author of over 140 journal articles, and over one hundred book chapters, consultant reports, and other publications, including (with Prof. Duncan MacRae Jr.) a graduate textbook on public policy analysis, Expert Advice for Policy Choice.From 2009-2015, Prof. Whittington served as a member of the Technical Committee of the Global Water Partnership (GWP). In 2021, Prof. Whittington was the President of the Society for Benefit Cost Analysis. Since 2014, Prof. Whittington and Dr. Duncan Thomas have offered the two-part Massive Open Online Course, Water Supply and Sanitation Policy in Developing Countries on COURSERA. Over 40,000 students from 184 countries have participated.

• Section 1: Introduction: Eight Organizing Concepts Water Security (Claudia Sadoff, David Grey, Edoardo Borgomeo)Water as a Merit Good (Michael Hanemann, Dale Whittington)Virtual Water (Francesca Greco, Martin Keulertz, David Dent)The Economic Value of Water (Michael Hanemann, Dale Whittington)Puzzles of Commitment, Compliance, and Defection in Water Resource Management (John Waterbury)Ceremonial and Subsistence Water Use (Michael Hanemann, Dale Whittington) Integrated Water Resource Management as an Organizing Concept (Mohamed Ait-Kadi, Melvyn Kay)Global Goal Setting and the Human Right to Water (Cristy Clark)Section 2: Economic Perspectives Rethinking Water Markets (Rupert Quentin Grafton, James Horne, Sarah A. Wheeler)Recreation Use Values for Water-Based Recreation (John Loomis, Lucas Bair) Ecosystem Services into Water Resource Planning and Management (Phoebe Koundouri, Angelos Alamanos, Kostas Dellis, Conrad Landis, Artemis Stratopoulou)Water and Economy-Wide Modeling: An Overview (William D. A. Bryant)A Review of Alternative Water Supply Systems in ASEAN (Cecilia Tortajada, Kristopher Hartley, Corinne Ong, Ojasvee Arora)Section 3: Political Perspectives Hydropolitics (Mattia Grandi)The Mirage of Supply-Side Development: The Hydraulic Mission and the Politics of Agriculture and Water in the Nile Basin (Harry Verhoeven)Exploring the Politics of Institutional Fragmentation in Transboundary River Basins (Christian Bréthaut, Laura Turley)ePolitics of Water Flows: Water Supply, Sanitation and Drainage (Tatiana Acevedo Guerrero)Politics of Local Community Engagement in Transboundary Water Negotiations (Isabela Espindola, Pilar Villar)Section 4: Sociological & Anthropological PerspectivesThe Street-Level Bureaucracy at the Intersection of Formal and Informal Water Provision (Marie-Hélène Zérah)Water and Development: A Gender Perspective (Yoshika S. Crider, Isha Ray)Hybrid Modes of Urban Water Delivery in Low- and Middle-Income Countries (Alison Post, Isha Ray)What Is Public and What Is Private in Water Provision: Insights from 19th-Century Philadelphia, Boston, and New York (Gwynneth C. Malin)Section 5: Legal PerspectivesThe Basic Systems of Surface Water Allocation (Joseph W. Dellapenna)The Allocation of Groundwater: From Superstition to Science (Burke W. Griggs)Legal Regimes for Sharing Transboundary Water (Mara Tignino)Excluded Uses: Indigenous Rights to Water (Barbara Cosens)Global Climate Change and the Reallocation of Water (Rhett B. Larson)The Problem of Water Markets (Michael Hanemann)Section 6: Governance, Institutional, and Planning PerspectivesWater Federalism in the United States of America (Rebecca F.A. Bernat, Sharon B. Megdal)Water User Associations and Collective Action in Irrigation and Drainage (Bryan Bruns)Economic Development and Groundwater Sustainability (Cecilia Tortajada, Francisco González-Gómez)Institutional Fit in the Water Sector (Cathy Rubiños, Maria Bernedo Del Carpio)Transboundary Water Governance and Small Basin Councils in Central Asia (Stefanos Xenarios, Murat Yakubov, Aziza Baubekova, Olzhas Alshagirov, Zhassulan Zhalgas, Eduardo Araral Jr.) Where Is Equity in Integrated Approaches for Water Resources Management? (Jeremy Allouche)Section 7: Water & Climate Change Adaptation Smart Cities and Water Infrastructure (Katherine Lieberknecht)Water and Spatial Planning in the Netherlands: The Latent Potential of Spatial Planning for Flood Resilience (Nikki Brand, Wil Zonneveld)US Water Policy and Planning with Respect to Climate Change (Caitlin Dyckman)Planning for Resilient and Sustainable Coastal Shorelands and Communities in the Face of Global Climate Change (Richard K. Norton)From Flood Control to Flood Adaptation (Katharine J. Mach, Miyuki Hino, A.R. Siders, Steven F. Koller, Caroline M. Kraan, Jennifer Niemann, Brett F. Sanders)Social Equity, Land Use Planning, and Flood Mitigation (Malini Roy, Philip Berke)Climate Adaptation and Public Health (Sarah E. Scales, Julia Massi, Jennifer A. Horney)Ecological Water Management in Cities (Timothy Beatley)How Perceptions of Risks Affect Responses to Climate Change: Implications for Water Resources Planning (Sonia Akter, Shaleen Khanal)Climate Change Impacts on Diarrheal Disease, from Epidemiological Association Research to Social Vulnerability Exploration (Junfeng Yu, Lianping Yang, Hung Chak Ho, Cunrui Huang)Climate Change and Water-related Diseases in the Mekong Delta Area (Nu Quy Linh Tran, Des Connell, Trung Hieu Nguyen, Dung Phung)Section 8: Water Development PathsBasin Development Paths: Lessons from the Colorado and Nile River Basins (Kevin Wheeler)The Development Path of Urban Water and Sanitation Tariffs and Subsidies: A Conceptual Framework (Dale Whittington, Marcus Wishart, David Kaczan, Hua Wang, Xiawei Liao, Si Gou)Groundwater Development Paths in the U.S. High Plains (Renata Rimsaite, Nicholas Brozovic)Environmental and Cultural Flows in Aotearoa and Australia (Alister Thorpe, Aryati Yashadhana, Brett Biles, Emily Munro-Harrison, Jonathan Kingsley)Water Risks and Rural Development in Coastal Bangladesh (Sonia Ferdous Hoque, Mohammad Shamsudduha)Section 9: Advances in Technologies for Water Supply Augmentation, Conservation, and ManagementDesalination Technology and Advancement (P.S. Goh, A.F. Ismail, and N. Hilal)Wastewater Reclamation and Recycling (Soyoon Kum and Lewis S. Rowles)Review of Rain and Atmospheric Water Harvesting History and Technology (Nathan Ortiz and Sameer Rao)Field-Level Irrigation (Kiril Manevski, Mathias Neumann Andersen)An Innovative Approach to Hybridizing Two Established Desalination Technologies or Toward Ensuring a Future Global Water Supply: Using a Hybrid Multieffect Desalination with an Adsorption Cycle (Muhammad Wakil Shahzad, Muhammad Ahmad Jamil)Membrane Filtration (Maryna Peter)Section 10: Water Resources Systems Analysis ToolsA Century of Evolution of Modeling for River Basin Planning to The Next Generation of Models, Methods, and Concepts (Caroline Rosello, Sondoss Elsawah, Joseph Guillaume, Anthony Jakeman)Multi-Objective and Robust Planning Tools (Jazmin Zatarain Salazar, Andrea Castelletti, Matteo Giuliani)Optimal and Real Time Control of Water Infrastructures (Ronald van Nooijen, Demetris Koutsoyiannis, Alla Kolechkina)Hydroeconomics (Manuel Pulido-Velazquez, Amaury Tilmant)Hedging and Financial Tools for Water Management (C. Dionisio Pérez-Blanco)Water Resources Planning Under (Deep) Uncertainty (Riddhi Singh)Machine Learning Tools for Water Resources Modelling and Management (Giorgio Guariso, Matteo Sangiorgio)Section 11: Economic Analysis of Water Infrastructure Investments and Policy InterventionsReview of the State of the Art in Analysis of the Economics of Water Resources Infrastructure (Marc Jeuland)The Economics of Institutional Changes in the Water Sector: Methods, Evidence, and a Call for Systems Thinking (Marc Jeuland, Travis Dauwalter, Omar Hopkins)Moving to General Equilibrium: The Role of CGEs for Economic Analysis of Water Infrastructure Projects (Kenneth M. Strzepek, James E. Neumann)A Socio-Hydrological Perspective on the Economics of Water Resources Development and Management (Saket Pande, Mahendran Roobavannan, Jaya Kandasamy, Murugesu Sivapalan, Daniel Hombing, Haoyang Lyu, Luuk Rietveld)Policy Analysis and Investment Appraisal in the Water Sector (Edoardo Borgomeo) The Evidence Base for Cognitive, Nutrition, and Other Benefits from Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene Interventions (Jennifer Orgill-Meyer) The Evidence Base for Time Savings Benefits in Water and Sanitation Interventions (Maya Chandrasekaran, Joseph Cook, Marc Jeuland)Section 12: Economic Analysis of Water Infrastructure Investments and Policy InterventionsValuing the Benefits of Green Stormwater Infrastructure (Amy W. Ando, Noelwah R. Netusil) Stormwater Management at the Lot Level: Engaging Home- and Business Owners to Adopt Green Stormwater Infrastructure (Anand D. Jayakaran, Emily Rhodes, Jason Vogel) Stormwater Management and Roadways (Nigel Pickering, Somayeh Nassiri)Green Infrastructure for Stormwater Runoff Control in China (Haifeng Jia, Dingkun Yin)Section 13: Groundwater ManagementThe Global Groundwater Revolution (Jac van der Gun) Sustainable Management of Groundwater (Stephen Foster, John Chilton) Managed Aquifer Recharge as a Tool to Improve Water Security and Resilience (Mary-Belle Cruz-Ayala, Sharon B. Megdal) Groundwater Models (Timothy M. Weigand, Matthew W. Farthing, Casey T. Miller) Section 14: Water Pricing and TariffsWater Tariffs in Spain (Fernando Arbués, Marián García-Valiñas) An Assessment of the Widespread Use of Increasing Block Tariffs in the Municipal Water Supply Sector (Dale Whittington, Céline Nauges) Dynamic Water Pricing (R. Quentin Grafton, Long Chu, Paul Wyrwoll) Nonlinear Pricing with Reference Dependence (Catarina Roseta-Palma, Miguel Carvalho, Ricardo Correia) Wastewater Tariffs in Spain (Fernando Arbués, Marián García-Valiñas)Section 15: Regulation Conceptual and Practical Aspects of Water Regulation in Developing Countries (Sanford V. Berg) The Health Impact of Water and Sanitation Utilities Privatization and Regulation in Sub-Saharan Africa (Lisa Bagnoli, Salvador Bertomeu-Sanchez, Antonio Estache) Regulating Quality in the Water Sector: A Theoretical Perspective (Emmanuelle Auriol)Legal, Regulatory, and Institutional Framework of Water and Sanitation Services in the Eastern and Southern African Region (Yvonne Magawa) Water Safety Plans (Karen Setty, Giuliana Ferrero) Urban Water Regulation and Health: The Case of Chile (Michael Hantke-Domas, Ronaldo Bruna)Public Sector Participation in the Water Sector: Opportunities and Pitfalls (Sebastian Galiani)Section 16: Understanding Water Use: Behavioral ApproachesHow Trust and Risk Perception Affect Household Water Use (Raymond Yu Wang, Xiaofeng Liu) Behavioral Interventions as Policy Instruments to Manage Household Water Use (Leong Ching, Swee Kiat Tay) Do Households Respond to the Marginal or Average Price of Piped Water Services? (Joseph Cook, Daniel Brent) Changing Open Defecation Behavior (Mark Radin)Section 17: Planning for Improved WASH ServicesWhat Has Emerged from 30 Years of the Orangi Pilot Project (Arif Hasan) Customer Assistance Programs and Affordability Issues in Water Supply and Sanitation (Joseph Cook) The Implications of Informal Settlement Upgrading Programs for Access to Water and Sanitation and Public Health (David Satterthwaite, Alice Sverdlik)Section 18: Condominial Sewer SystemsEvaluating Condominial Sewerage Programs: Technology & Community Engagement (Patrícia Campos Borja, Earthea Nance, Luiz Roberto Santos Moraes)The Use of Appropriate Sanitation Technology in Low-Income and Informally Occupied Areas: A Case Study of EMBASA's Experience with the Condominial Sewerage System in Salvador da Bahia, Brazil (Ivan Paiva, Júlio Mota)A Case Study of Brasilia and the Federal District: Community Participation and Sanitary and Environmental Education in Condominial Sewerage Systems at CAESB (César Augusto Rissoli, Maria Martinele Feitosa Martins)Case Study of the Federal District of Brasília: CAESB's Experience with Condominial Sewerage (Maria Martinele Feitosa Martins, César Augusto Rissoli)Brasilia's Experience with Wastewater Treatment Systems: A Case Study (Klaus Dieter Neder)Section 19: Emerging Issues, Future ChallengesChallenges to Environmental Valuation in Light of Global Change (Vic Adamowicz, Diane Dupont) Catastrophic Droughts and their Economic Consequences (Farnaz Pourzand, Ilan Noy) Rethinking Hydropower: The Economics and Politics of Privately Owned Hydropower in the United States (Lynne Y. Lewis) Water Resource Management: Challenges and Opportunities with Game Theory Approaches (Kim Hang Pham Do) Use of Experimental Economics in Policy Design and Evaluation: An Application to Water Resources and other Environmental Domains (Simanti Banerjee) Emerging Issues and Challenges in Transboundary Freshwater: The Role of Treaties and Treaty Design (Shlomi Dinar) Emerging Issues in Groundwater: New Challenges (Encarna Esteban) Decision-making in a Water Crisis: Lessons from the Cape Town Drought for Urban Water Policy (Johanna Brühl, Leonard le Roux, Martine Visser, Gunnar Köhlin)