Sustainable Water Engineering

Ramesha Chandrappa, Karnataka State Pollution Control Board, IndiaDiganta B. Das, Department of Chemical Engineering, Loughborough University, UK

• Preface xi Abbreviations xiiiGlossary xvii1 Water Crisis 11.1 Water Resource Issues 61.1.1 Water Footprint 81.2 Climate Change and Its Influence on Global Water Resources 91.3 Protection and Enhancement of Natural Watershed and Aquifer Environments 121.4 Water Engineering for Sustainable Coastal and Offshore Environments 121.5 Endangering World Peace and Security 131.6 Awareness among Decision Makers and the Public across the World 151.7 Criteria for Sustainable Water Management 161.8 Water Scarcity and Millennium Development Goals 181.9 Lack of Access to Clean Drinking Water and Sanitation 191.10 Fragmentation of Water Management 201.11 Economics and Financial Aspects 221.11.1 Water Treatment and Distribution 241.11.2 Wastewater Treatment, Collection and Disposal 271.12 Legal Aspects 28References 302 Requirements for the Sustainability of Water Systems 352.1 History of Water Distribution and Wastewater Collection 382.2 Integrated Water Management 402.3 Sewerage Treatment and Urban Pollution Management 442.4 Conventional Water Supply 452.4.1 Features 492.4.2 Capacity and Pressure Requirements 502.4.3 Design and Hydraulic Analysis of Distribution System 522.4.4 Unsustainable Characteristics 552.4.5 Sustainable Approach 642.5 Conventional Wastewater Collection Systems 712.5.1 Features 712.5.2 Unsustainable Characteristics 772.5.3 Sustainable Approach 79References 803 Water Quality Issues 833.1 Water-Related Diseases 843.1.1 Transmission Vectors 853.1.2 Field Testing and Monitoring 853.1.3 Village-Level Monitoring 893.2 Selection Options for Water Supply Source 893.2.1 Spring Capping 913.2.2 Simple Tube Wells 933.2.3 Hand Pumps 953.2.4 Rainwater Harvesting 953.2.5 Fog and Dew Harvesting 983.2.6 Snow Harvesting 993.3 On-Site Sanitation 993.3.1 Latrines 993.3.2 Septic Tanks 1033.3.3 Aqua Privies 1033.3.4 Oxidation Pond Treatment Systems 1033.3.5 Storm Drainage 1053.4 Water Quality Characteristics of Potable Drinking Water and Wastewater Effluents 1103.4.1 Physical Parameters 1103.4.2 Chemical Parameters 1133.4.3 Solids in Water 1273.4.4 Biological Parameters 1393.5 Standards and Consents 1473.5.1 Potable Water Standards 1473.5.2 Wastewater Effluent Standards 1483.6 Kinetics of Biochemical Oxygen Demand 1493.7 Water Management for Wildlife Conservation 1493.8 Water-Quality Deterioration 152References 1534 Fundamentals of Treatment and Process Design, and Sustainability 1634.1 History of Water and Wastewater Treatment Regulatory Issues across the World 1644.1.1 Low-Tech versus Hi-Tech 1654.1.2 Low Cost versus High Cost 1674.2 Design Principles for Sustainable Treatment Systems 1684.2.1 Low Carbon 1684.2.2 Low Energy 1684.2.3 Low Chemical Use 1724.2.4 Modelling of Treatment Processes to Attain Sustainability 1724.2.5 Operation, Management, Financial, Socio-Economic Aspect 1734.3 Preliminary and Primary Treatment 1744.3.1 Screening 1744.3.2 Coarse-Solid Reduction 1744.3.3 Grease Removal Chamber 1744.3.4 Flow Equalization 1774.3.5 Mixing and Flocculation 1774.3.6 Sedimentation 1804.3.7 Flotation 1834.4 Secondary Treatment 1854.4.1 Biological Treatment 1854.4.2 Vermifiltration 2024.4.3 Chemical Treatment 2024.5 Tertiary Treatment 2034.5.1 Filtration 2034.5.2 Activated Carbon Treatment 2054.5.3 Ion Exchange 2064.5.4 Forward and Reverse Osmosis, Membrane Filtration, Membrane Bioreactor, Membrane Distillation, and Electro Dialysis 2064.5.5 Air Stripping 2074.5.6 Disinfection and Fluoridation 2094.5.7 Removal of Specific Constituents 2114.6 Emerging Technologies 2114.6.1 Nanotechnology applied for Water Purification 2124.6.2 Photocatalysis 2124.6.3 Evaporation 2144.6.4 Incineration 2144.6.5 Sono-Photo-Fenton Process 2144.7 Residual Management 2154.7.1 Thickening 2164.7.2 Drying 2164.7.3 Stabilization 2164.7.4 Digestion 2174.7.5 Composting 2174.7.6 Dewatering 2184.7.7 Incineration 2184.7.8 Remediation of Contaminants in Subsurface 2194.8 Portable Water Purification Kit 2204.9 Requirements of Electrical, Instrumentation and Mechanical Equipment in Water and Wastewater Treatment to Achieve Sustainability 2204.9.1 Electrical Equipment and Energy Requirement 2214.9.2 Piping and Instrumentation 2234.9.3 Mechanical Equipment Requirements and Related Issues 2244.9.4 Systems and Operational Issues 2244.9.5 Real-Time Control 2254.9.6 Indicators of Sustainable Performance; Systems Approach for Sustainability Assessment of Water Infrastructure 2254.9.7 Troubleshooting 2264.9.8 Operational Checks for the STP 2284.9.9 Design, Construction and Engineering Checks for the WWTP 2284.9.10 Odour Management 228References 2325 Sustainable Industrial Water Use and Wastewater Treatment 2375.1 Sustainable Principles in Industrial Water Use and Wastewater Treatment 2375.1.1 Industries with High Dissolved Solids 2405.1.2 Industries/Activities with High Inorganic Content 2425.2 Industries with Low Dissolved Solids 2825.2.1 Industries with Low Amounts of Inorganic Materials 2825.2.2 Industries Dealing with Low Dissolved Organic Material 284References 2926 Sustainable Effluent Disposal 2976.1 Dissolved Oxygen Sag Curves, Mass Balance Calculations and Basic River Models 2996.2 Disposal Options and Impact on Environment 3026.2.1 Ocean Disposal 3046.2.2 Disposal into Fresh Water Bodies 3066.2.3 On-Land Disposal 3086.3 Sustainable Reuse Options and Practice 3106.3.1 Toilet Flushing 3176.3.2 Floor Washing 3176.3.3 Sustainable Wastewater Irrigation 3176.3.4 Nonpotable Industrial Use 320References 3267 Sustainable Construction of Water Structures 3317.1 Sustainable Construction – Principles 3337.1.1 Green Building 3377.1.2 Cementless Construction 3397.1.3 Choosing Eco-Friendly Construction Material 3407.1.4 Energy Saving during Construction 3417.1.5 Precautions to be Taken during Construction to save Energy during Operations 3437.2 Intake Structures 3437.3 Treatment Plants 3447.4 Water Storage and Distribution Systems 3447.5 Wastewater Collection and Disposal System 348References 3508 Safety Issues in Sustainable Water Management 3538.1 Health, Safety and Sustainability 3568.2 Safety of Consumer versus Operator 3598.3 Safety of People and Animals other than Consumers and Operators 3708.4 Safety Issues during Construction 3778.4.1 Electrical Protective Devices 3808.5 Chemical Handling and Storage 3808.5.1 Chlorine 3828.5.2 Herbicides/Pesticides 3838.6 Safety during Water/Wastewater Treatment Plant Operation 3838.6.1 Work-Permit System 3988.7 Disaster Management 398References 400Index 405

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