Supercritical Adsorption for Cleaner Energy and the Environment

Li Zhou was previously Professor working in the School of Chemical Engineering at Tianjin University, China. He retired from this University in 2009. He served as Director Board Member of the International Adsorption Society from 2004-2010.

• Preface xiPart I Progress in Adsorption 11 Classic Adsorption Theory 31.1 Adsorption Definition 31.2 Type of Adsorption Isotherms 51.3 Henry Law 61.4 Langmuir Equation of Monolayer Adsorption 71.5 BET Equation of Multilayer Adsorption 91.5.1 Interpretation of BET Equation for Type-II and Type-III Isotherms 111.5.2 Limitations of the BET Equation 121.6 Potential Equations of Multilayer Adsorption 131.7 Kelvin Equation of Capillary Condensation 171.7.1 Notes on Kelvin Equation 18References 202 Acquisition of Supercritical Adsorption Isotherms 212.1 Volumetric Method 212.2 Gravimetric Method 232.3 Other Measurement Techniques 232.4 Principal Factors Affecting Adsorption Measurements 242.5 Compressibility Factor and Fugacity Coefficient 252.6 Cryostat 282.7 Illustration of Calculations 292.7.1 Compressibility Factor and Fugacity Coefficient 292.7.1.1 By SRK Equation 292.7.1.2 By BWR Equation 302.7.1.3 Based on Experimental P-V-T Data 312.7.1.4 A Comment 322.7.2 Calibration of Adsorbent 332.8 Generating Adsorption Isotherms by Molecular Simulation 37References 383 Collection of Supercritical Adsorption Isotherms 413.1 Adsorption of H2 on Activated Carbon 413.2 Adsorption of CH4 on Activated Carbon 413.3 Adsorption of N2 on Silica Gel over a Large Temperature Range 433.4 Adsorption of O2 on Activated Carbon 463.5 Adsorption of CH4 and N2 on Activated Carbon and Silica Gel 473.6 Adsorption of CO2 on Activated Carbon for Near-Critical Region 503.7 Adsorption of H2, N2, O2, CH4, and CO2 on Carbon Molecular Sieves 523.8 Adsorption of CO2, CH4 , and N2 on Silica Molecular Sieves 543.9 Adsorption of H2 on Carbon Nanotubes 563.10 Adsorption of Hydrogen Isotopes on Micro- and Mesoporous Adsorbents with Orderly Structure 57References 604 Theoretical Basis of Supercritical Adsorption 634.1 Isotherm Types of Supercritical Adsorption 634.2 Theory Crux of Supercritical Adsorption 634.3 Evaluation of the Henry Law Constant from Experimental Isotherms 644.3.1 Based on Langmuir Equation 644.3.2 Based on Virial Equation 654.3.3 Evaluation of Adsorption Heat 664.4 Determination of Absolute Adsorption 694.5 Evaluation of Volume or Density for the Adsorbed Phase 734.6 Isotherm Modelling 764.7 Adsorption Mechanism at Supercritical Temperature 774.8 Boundary of Supercritical Adsorption 804.9 Effect of Supercritical Adsorption Theory 824.9.1 Effects on Applied Research 824.9.2 Effect on Theoretical Research 834.9.2.1 Experimental 844.9.2.2 Description of the Adsorbed Phase 864.9.2.3 Presented Model for the Prediction of Multicomponent Adsorption 874.9.2.4 Verification of the New Model 904.9.2.5 Conclusion of Comparisons 96References 98Part II Effect of Adsorption Progress on Energy and Environment 1035 Carbon Reduction Makes Coal Power Emission-Free 1055.1 Present State of Coal-Fired Power Plants 1055.2 Theoretical Basis of the Zero-Emission Approach 1075.3 Experimental Basis of the Zero-Emission Approach 1095.3.1 Experiments for Absence of Water in SFG 1105.3.2 Experiments with Presence of Water in SFG 1125.4 Process to Realize Zero-Emission Power Plant 1135.5 Concluding Remarks 115References 1156 Adsorption/Reaction Compound Function Removes Sulfur from Oil Fuels 1176.1 Introduction 1176.2 Theoretical Basis 1186.3 Experimental Study 1206.3.1 Adsorbent, Catalyst, and Testing Fuels 1206.3.2 Reagent Quality and Inspection Method 1216.3.3 Performance Test 1216.3.4 Additional Tests 1226.3.4.1 Regeneration 1226.3.4.2 Test on Commercial Fuels 1226.3.4.3 Tests on Corrosion 1226.3.5 Results and Discussion 1226.3.5.1 Quasi-first-order Dynamics of the Nanoreaction 1226.3.5.2 Effect of Temperature 1246.3.5.3 Effect of Adsorbent and Nanoreactor Dimension 1246.3.5.4 Compatibility of Desulfur Function with Fuel Type 1276.3.5.5 Desulfur Performance on Commercial Fuels 1276.3.5.6 Regeneration and Corrosion Test 1286.3.5.7 Discussion 1296.3.5.8 Conclusion 131References 1317 Adsorptive Approaches for Methane-majored Fuels 1357.1 Adsorbed Natural Gas Limited by Adsorption Mechanism 1357.2 Enhanced Storage of Natural Gas in Wet Adsorbents 1377.3 Charging/Discharging Experiments of Wet Storage 1387.3.1 Influence of Charging Pressure and Packing Density of Wet Carbon on Released Amount 1397.3.2 Analysis and Discussion of Hydrate Formation in Wet Activated Carbon 1417.3.3 Feature of Charging Process 1437.3.4 Feature of Discharging Process 1447.4 Effect of Pore Size Distribution on Storage Capacity of Wet Activated Carbon 1457.4.1 Conceptional and Experimental Development of Activated Carbon 1467.4.2 Storage Capacity 1477.4.3 Results and Discussion 1487.4.3.1 Porous Structure of the Activated Carbon 1487.4.3.2 Gravimetric Storage Capacity 1497.4.3.3 Volumetric Storage Capacity 1517.4.3.4 Conclusion 1527.5 Removal of Trace H2S from Natural Gas 1527.5.1 General Status of the Issue 1527.5.2 Performance of Solvent-coated Adsorbents 1537.5.2.1 The Sorbent 1537.5.2.2 The Testing Process 1557.5.2.3 The Sorption Pressure 1567.5.2.4 The Purging Ratio 1577.5.2.5 Time Allocation in an Operation Cycle 1587.5.2.6 Conclusion 1627.6 Enrichment of Methane from Impoverished Gas 1637.6.1 Separating CH4 /N2 Mixture by Adsorption 1637.6.1.1 Experimental 1647.6.1.2 Evaluation of Separation Coefficient 1657.6.1.3 Results and Discussion 1667.6.2 Enrichment of Methane by PSA Complemented with CO2 Displacement 1707.6.2.1 Experimental Apparatus 1717.6.2.2 Experimental Material 1727.6.2.3 Experimental Procedure 1747.6.2.4 Performance Evaluation 1757.6.2.5 Enrichment Without CO2 Displacement 1767.6.2.6 Enrichment with CO2 Displacement 1777.6.2.7 Selection of Adsorption Time 1787.6.2.8 Relationship Between Product Concentration and Methane Recovery 1797.6.2.9 Effect of Feed Gas Concentration on Enrichment 1807.6.2.10 Studies on Adsorbent Regeneration 1827.6.2.11 Test on Consecutive Cycling 1847.6.2.12 Comparison with Literature 1847.6.2.13 Conclusion 184References 1858 Studies on Hydrogen Energy 1918.1 Introduction 1918.2 Recovery of Hydrogen from Process Flue Gas 1928.2.1 Experimental Apparatus 1928.2.2 Measurement of Adsorption Isotherms and Breakthrough Curves 1948.2.3 Studies on the Function of Buffer Tanks 1968.2.4 Study on Cycling Sequence of the New 4-bed PSA Process 2008.2.5 Studies on Separation Performance at Low Operation Pressure 2028.2.5.1 Based on Adsorbents of OAC+ZMS-5A 2028.2.5.2 Based on Adsorbents of SAC+ZMS-5A 2028.2.5.3 Comparison Between Two Adsorbent Combinations 2038.2.6 Studies on Effect of Purging Ratio 2038.2.7 Studies on Operation Stability and Flexibility of the New PSA Process 2068.3 Routine Technology of Hydrogen Production 2078.4 Decomposition of Water Through Redox Reactions Looping 2098.4.1 Theoretical Basis 2098.4.2 Experimental Proof 2108.4.2.1 Oxidation/Reduction Cycling 2108.4.2.2 Test on Catalytic Carbonization of Coal 2138.4.2.3 Test on Coupling Redox Cycle with Charcoal Gasification 2158.4.2.4 Comparison with Counterpart Processes 2168.4.2.5 Conclusion 2188.5 Hydrogen Storage 2188.5.1 Hydrogen Storage by Cryogenic Adsorption 2188.5.1.1 Comparison of Compression Storage at 77 K and 298 K 2198.5.1.2 Storage of H2 on Activated Carbon Cooled by Liquid Nitrogen 2198.5.2 Other Studies on Hydrogen Storage 2238.5.2.1 Liquefaction 2238.5.2.2 Metallic Hydrides 2238.5.2.3 Complex Hydrides 2248.5.2.4 Other Ideas About Hydrogen Storage 224References 225Epilogue 231Acknowledgments 235Index 237