Separation and Purification Technologies in Biorefineries

Shri Ramaswamy, Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems Engineering, University of Minnesota, USA.Hua-Jiang Huang, Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems Engineering, University of Minnesota, USA.Bandaru V. Ramarao, Department of Paper & Bioprocess Engineering, State University of New York College of Environmental Science and Forestry, USA.

• List of Contributors xixPreface xxiiiPART I INTRODUCTION 11 Overview of Biomass Conversion Processes and Separation and Purification Technologies in Biorefineries 3Hua-Jiang Huang and Shri Ramaswamy1.1 Introduction 31.2 Biochemical conversion biorefineries 41.3 Thermo-chemical and other chemical conversion biorefineries 81.4 Integrated lignocellulose biorefineries 141.5 Separation and purification processes 151.6 Summary 27References 28PART II EQUILIBRIUM-BASED SEPARATION TECHNOLOGIES 372 Distillation 39Zhigang Lei and Biaohua Chen2.1 Introduction 392.2 Ordinary distillation 402.3 Azeotropic distillation 452.4 Extractive distillation 482.5 Molecular distillation 542.6 Comparisons of different distillation processes 552.7 Conclusions and future trends 58Acknowledgement 58References 583 Liquid-Liquid Extraction (LLE) 61Jianguo Zhang and Bo Hu3.1 Introduction to LLE: Literature review and recent developments 613.2 Fundamental principles of LLE 623.3 Categories of LLE design 653.4 Equipment for the LLE process 673.5 Applications in biorefineries 703.6 The future development of LLE for the biorefinery setting 74References 754 Supercritical Fluid Extraction 79Casimiro Mantell, Lourdes Casas, Miguel Rodríguez and Enrique Martínez de la Ossa4.1 Introduction 794.2 Principles of supercritical fluids 814.3 Market and industrial needs 834.4 Design and modeling of the process 844.4.1 Film theory 884.5 Specific examples in biorefineries 894.6 Economic importance and industrial challenges 934.7 Conclusions and future trends 96References 96PART III AFFINITY-BASED SEPARATION TECHNOLOGIES 1015 Adsorption 103Saravanan Venkatesan5.1 Introduction 1035.2 Essential principles of adsorption 1045.3 Adsorbent selection criteria 1105.4 Commercial and new adsorbents and their properties 1115.5 Adsorption separation processes 1165.6 Adsorber modeling 1235.7 Application of adsorption in biorefineries 1245.8 A case study: Recovery of 1-butanol from ABE fermentation broth using TSA 1365.9 Research needs and prospects 1425.10 Conclusions 143Acknowledgement 143References 1436 Ion Exchange 149M. Berrios, J. A. Siles, M. A. Martín and A. Martín6.1 Introduction 1496.1.1 Ion exchangers: Operational conditions—sorbent selection 1506.2 Essential principles 1516.3 Ion-exchange market and industrial needs 1536.4 Commercial ion-exchange resins 1546.5 Specific examples in biorefineries 1566.6 Conclusions and future trends 164References 1647 Simulated Moving-Bed Technology for Biorefinery Applications 167Chim Yong Chin and Nien-Hwa Linda Wang7.1 Introduction 1677.2 Essential SMB design principles and tools 1717.3 Simulated moving-bed technology in biorefineries 1917.4 Conclusions and future trends 197References 197PART IV MEMBRANE SEPARATION 2038 Microfiltration, Ultrafiltration and Diafiltration 205Ann-Sofi Jönsson8.1 Introduction 2058.2 Membrane plant design 2078.3 Economic considerations 2108.4 Process design 2138.5 Operating parameters 2168.6 Diafiltration 2228.7 Fouling and cleaning 2248.8 Conclusions and future trends 226References 2269 Nanofiltration 233Mika Mänttäri, Bart Van der Bruggen and Marianne Nyström9.1 Introduction 2339.2 Nanofiltration market and industrial needs 2359.3 Fundamental principles 2369.4 Design and simulation 2389.5 Membrane materials and properties 2419.6 Commercial nanofiltration membranes 2459.7 Nanofiltration examples in biorefineries 2469.8 Conclusions and challenges 256References 25610 Membrane Pervaporation 259Yan Wang, Natalia Widjojo, Panu Sukitpaneenit and Tai-Shung Chung10.1 Introduction 25910.2 Membrane pervaporation market and industrial needs 26010.3 Fundamental principles 26110.4 Design principles of the pervaporation membrane 26510.5 Pervaporation in the current integrated biorefinery system 28310.6 Conclusions and future trends 288Acknowledgements 289References 28911 Membrane Distillation 301M. A. Izquierdo-Gil11.1 Introduction 30111.2 Membrane distillation market and industrial needs 30411.3 Basic principles of membrane distillation 30811.4 Design and simulation 31311.5 Examples in biorefineries 31511.6 Economic importance and industrial challenges 31711.7 Comparisons with other membrane-separation technologies 31911.8 Conclusions and future trends 321References 322PART V SOLID-LIQUID SEPARATIONS 32712 Filtration-Based Separations in the Biorefinery 329Bhavin V. Bhayani and Bandaru V. Ramarao12.1 Introduction 32912.2 Biorefinery 33012.3 Solid–liquid separations in the biorefinery 33512.4 Introduction to cake filtration 33612.5 Basics of cake filtration 33612.6 Designing a dead-end filtration 34012.7 Model development 34612.8 Conclusions 348References 34813 Solid–Liquid Extraction in Biorefinery 351Zurina Zainal Abidin, Dayang Radiah Awang Biak, Hamdan Mohamed Yusoff and Mohd Yusof Harun13.1 Introduction 35113.2 Principles of solid–liquid extraction 35213.3 State of the art technology 35613.4 Design and modeling of SLE process 35713.5 Industrial extractors 36313.6 Economic importance and industrial challenges 36813.7 Conclusions 371References 371PART VI HYBRID/INTEGRATED REACTION-SEPARATION SYSTEMS—PROCESS INTENSIFICATION 37514 Membrane Bioreactors for Biofuel Production 377Sara M. Badenes, Frederico Castelo Ferreira and Joaquim M. S. Cabral14.1 Introduction 37714.2 Basic principles 38114.2.1 Biofuels: Production principles and biological systems 38114.3 Examples of membrane bioreactors for biofuel production 39014.4 Conclusions and future trends 403References 40415 Extraction-Fermentation Hybrid (Extractive Fermentation) 409Shang-Tian Yang and Congcong Lu15.1 Introduction 40915.2 The market and industrial needs 41015.3 Basic principles of extractive fermentation 41215.4 Separation technologies for integrated fermentation product recovery 41315.5 Examples in biorefineries 42615.6 Economic importance and industrial challenges 42815.7 Conclusions and future trends 431References 43116 Reactive Distillation for the Biorefinery 439Aspi K. Kolah, Carl T. Lira and Dennis J. Miller16.1 Introduction 43916.2 Column internals for reactive distillation 44116.3 Simulation of reactive distillation systems 44616.4 Reactive distillation for the biorefinery 45116.5 Recently commercialized reactive distillation processes for the biorefinery 45816.6 Conclusions 458References 45917 Reactive Absorption 467Anton A. Kiss and Costin Sorin Bildea17.1 Introduction 46717.2 Market and industrial needs 46817.3 Basic principles of reactive absorption 46817.4 Modelling, design and simulation 46917.5 Case study: Biodiesel production by catalytic reactive absorption 47017.6 Economic importance and industrial challenges 48217.7 Conclusions and future trends 482References 482PART VII CASE STUDIES OF SEPARATION AND PURIFICATION TECHNOLOGIES IN BIOREFINERIES 48518 Cellulosic Bioethanol Production 487Mats Galbe, Ola Wallberg and Guido Zacchi18.1 Introduction: The market and industrial needs 48718.2 Separation procedures and their integration within a bioethanol plant 48818.3 Importance and challenges of separation processes 49018.4 Pilot and demonstration scale 49818.5 Conclusions and future trends 500References 50019 Dehydration of Ethanol using Pressure Swing Adsorption 503Marian Simo19.1 Introduction 50319.2 Ethanol dehydration process using pressure swing adsorption 50419.3 Future trends and industrial challenges 51019.4 Conclusions 511References 51120 Separation and Purification of Lignocellulose Hydrolyzates 513G. Peter van Walsum20.1 Introduction 51320.2 The market and industrial needs 51620.3 Operation variables and conditions 51720.4 The hydrolyzates detoxification and separation processes 51920.5 Separation performances and results 52420.6 Economic importance and industrial challenges 52520.7 Conclusions 527References 52721 Case Studies of Separation in Biorefineries—Extraction of Algae Oil from Microalgae 533Michael Cooney21.1 Introduction 53321.2 The market and industrial needs 53421.3 The algae oil extraction process 53921.4 Extraction 54021.5 Separation performance and results 54621.6 Economic importance and industrial challenges 54821.7 Conclusions and future trends 549References 55022 Separation Processes in Biopolymer Production 555Sanjay P. Kamble, Prashant P. Barve, Imran Rahman and Bhaskar D. Kulkarni22.1 Introduction 55522.2 The market and industrial needs 55622.3 Lactic acid recovery processes 55922.4 Separation performance and results of autocatalytic counter current reactive distillation of lactic acid with methanol and hydrolysis of methyl lactate into highly pure lactic acid using 3-CSTRs in series 56122.5 Economic importance and industrial challenges 56422.6 Conclusions and future trends 565Acknowledgements 566References 566Index 569