Routledge Handbook of the Material Culture of the Crusader States, 1099–1571

Adrian J. Boas is professor emeritus of Medieval Archaeology at the University of Haifa. He has excavated extensively, including a major project at Montfort Castle in northern Israel, and is the author and editor of numerous publications and several books on Crusader period archaeology and history. He is the former president of the Society for the Study of the Crusades and the Latin East.Elizabeth Lapina is Professor of History at the University of Wisconsin – Madison in the US. Her main interest is the perceptions and representations of the crusading movement in the twelfth and thirteenth centuries. She has published a series of articles and edited volumes. Her most recent monograph, Depicting the Holy War: Crusader Imagery in Programs of Mural Paintings in France and England in the Twelfth and Thirteenth Centuries (2025), focuses on sacralization of warfare as reflected in visual sources in Western Europe.Nicholas Morton is an Associate Professor in History at Nottingham Trent University in the UK. He has written extensively on topics connected to the history of the Medieval Middle East and his recent books include: The Mongol Storm: Making and Breaking Empires in the Medieval Near East (2022) and The Crusader States & Their Neighbours: A Military History, 1099-1187 (2020). He also co-edits three Routledge book series: “Rulers of the Latin East”, “The Military Religious Orders: History, Sources and Memory”, and “Global Histories before Globalisation.”

• IntroductionSection 1: LandscapesChapter 1Agriculture and Animal HusbandryH. E. CrowleyChapter 2Crusader Ports and Harbors on the Coast of the Levant and the Crusader Kingdom of CyprusDan MirkinChapter 3The Development of Cities and Urban Life in the Crusader StatesPeter EdburyChapter 4Performances in the Urban Space of the Latin EastSimon John and Wolf ZöllerChapter 5The Crusader States and Near Eastern Trade RoutesMichel BalardSection 2: Vernacular Art and ArchitectureChapter 6Frankish Domestic Architecture on the Levantine MainlandAdrian J. BoasChapter 7Eastern Non-Frankish Vernacular Architecture (Jewish, Christian, and Islamic)Andrew PetersenSection 3: Religious Art and ArchitectureChapter 8Ecclesiastical Art and Sculpture and its Development in the Latin Kingdom of JerusalemGil FishhofChapter 9Ecclesiastical Architecture in the mainland Crusader StatesElizabeth Lapina and Nicholas MortonChapter 10Ecclesiastical Architecture in Lusignan and Venetian Cyprus (1192-1571): Past, Present, and FutureMichalis OlympiosChapter 11Eastern Christian Art and Architecture in the Crusader StatesMat Immerzeel Chapter 12Jewish and Islamic Religious Art and ArchitectureMarcus MilwrightChapter 13The Construction Process: Construction in the Latin Kingdom of JerusalemVardit R. Shotten-HallelSection 4: FortificationsChapter 14The Castles and Urban Defences of the Principality of Antioch and the County of EdessaMathias PianaChapter 15Castles and Urban Defences in the County of TripoliKevin Lewis and Balázs MajorChapter 16Castles and Urban Defences in the Kingdom of JerusalemRabei G. KhamisyChapter 17Castles and Urban Defences in Frankish CyprusTomasz BorowskiSection 5: ObjectsChapter 18Informal Exchange of Objects: Gifts, Keepsakes, Relics, Plunder and BarterAdrian J. BoasChapter 19CeramicsEdna J. SternChapter 20Glass for All – Crusader-Period Glass from the Latin kingdom of JerusalemYael Gorin-RosenChapter 21Personal AdornmentHannah BuckinghamChapter 22MetalworkJoppe GoskerChapter 23Icons in the Latin StatesLisa MahoneyChapter 24Illuminated Manuscripts in the Latin StatesLisa Mahoney and Richard LesonChapter 25Arms and Armour in the Frankish EastJoppe GoskerChapter 26Coinage in the Crusader States and CyprusRichard KelleherChapter 27Crusader SealsLaura J. WhatleyChapter 28Medieval ShipsDan MirkinChapter 29Clothing in the Crusading EraMat Immerzeel and Orit ShamirSection 6: The body and the sensesChapter 30Eating and DrinkingJudith Bronstein and Elisabeth YehudaChapter 31The Material Culture of Health, Disease and Medicine at the Time of the CrusadesPiers D. MitchellChapter 32Sounds and Scents of the Latin EastElizabeth Lapina and Iris ShagrirSection 7: Heritage and MemoryChapter 33The Franks’ Engagement with Ancient RuinsAdrian J. BoasChapter 34‘Vectors of Memory’: Modern Material Memories of the Crusader StatesMike Horswell, Andrew Jotischky, Thomas Simpson, and Astrid SwensonChapter 35Preservation of the Frankish past in PlacenamesAdrian J. BoasChapter 36Reuse of Architecture and Architectural Fragments: Franks, Ayyubids, MamluksCathleen A. FleckChapter 37Heraldry in the Frankish East: A SurveyRichard A. LesonConcluding EssayAdrian J. Boas