'Right from this book’s introduction, penned by Carine van Rhijn, it is clear that commonly used terms for the Carolingian cultural movement – renaissance, reform, correctio – fail to encapsulate the complexity andmultivalence of the period... This volume as a whole, and each of the chapters within it, seeks to correct our understanding of correctio, highlighting the ways in which the Carolingian movement was not always top-down, but rather made up of local individuals exercising their own agency and engaging in horizontal networks of knowledge, communication, and support... This volume addresses these issues and brings tolight new ways of thinking about the Carolingian reform movement.'Early Medieval Europe 2025