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Categorizing race and ethnicity for twenty-first-century statistics and economics.The increasing racial and ethnic diversity of the US population raises the question of whether the race and ethnicity categories and definitions used by federal statistical agencies to create demographic statistics on which government officials, business decision-makers, and private citizens rely fully reflect the changing population. Official definitions of existing race and ethnic groups do not always command wide agreement, and over time, some definitions that were once widely accepted may become less so based on political, legal, and social factors. Comparable measures of race and ethnicity over time are needed to accurately track historical changes in economic and social outcomes, as well as racial and ethnic segregation. This volume explores the production of economic statistics that accurately depict the complex racial and ethnic diversity of the US population in the twenty-first century. The chapters examine the consequences for economic analyses of different measurement choices concerning race and ethnicity, assess the likely implications of the 2024 changes in federal race and ethnicity measurement standards, introduce new data sets with richer demographic information, and compare measures of race and ethnicity in administrative versus survey data. They also apply existing data in creative ways to develop alternative characterizations of the changing US workforce and to illuminate important policy questions related to criminal justice, immigration, labor market discrimination, the social safety net, health care, and child welfare.
Randall Akee is professor of public policy and American Indian studies at the University of California, Los Angeles, and a research associate of the NBER. Lawrence F. Katz is the Elisabeth Allison Professor of Economics at Harvard University and a research associate of the NBER. Mark A. Loewenstein is division chief of Employment Research and Program Development at the Bureau of Labor Statistics.
Prefatory NoteIntroductionRandall Akee, Lawrence F. Katz, and Mark A. LoewensteinI. Measuring Race and Ethnicity in the Federal Statistical System1. Measuring the Racial and Ethnic Composition and Diversity of the US Population: Historical Challenges and Contemporary OpportunitiesNicholas Jones, Eric Jensen, Karen Battle, and Rachel Marks2. Data Collection Without DefinitionsWilliam A. Darity Jr. and Stephan Lefebvre3. Measuring Potential Effects of Introducing the 2024 Race and Ethnicity Standards into the Current Population SurveyMark A. Loewenstein, David S. Piccone Jr., and Anne E. Polivka4. Estimating the Potential Impact of Combined Race and Ethnicity Reporting on Long-Term Earnings StatisticsKevin L. McKinney and John M. AbowdII. Implications of Mismeasured and Imputed Race and Ethnicity5. Race and Ethnicity (Mis)measurement in the US Criminal Justice SystemKeith Finlay, Elizabeth Luh, and Michael Mueller-Smith6. Unwarranted Disparity in High-Stakes Decisions: Race Measurement and Policy ResponsesE. Jason Baron, Joseph J. Doyle Jr., Natalia Emanuel, Peter Hull, and Joseph Ryan7. Quantifying the Uncertainty of Imputed Demographic Disparity Estimates: The Dual-BootstrapBenjamin Lu, Jia Wan, Derek Ouyang, Jacob Goldin, and Daniel E. Ho8. The Missing Link? Using LinkedIn Data to Measure Race, Ethnic, and Gender Differences in Employment Outcomes at Individual CompaniesAlexander Berry, Molly Maloney, and David NeumarkIII. Applications9. Race, Ethnicity, and Measurement ErrorBruce D. Meyer, Nikolas Mittag, and Derek Wu10. Ethnic Identity and Anti-Immigrant Sentiment: Evidence from Proposition 187Francisca M. Antman and Brian Duncan11. Granular Income Inequality and Mobility Using IDDA: Exploring Patterns Across Race and EthnicityIllenin Kondo, Kevin Rinz, Natalie Gubbay, Brandon Hawkins, John Voorheis, and Abigail Wozniak12. Earnings Inequality and Immobility for Hispanics and Asians: An Examination of Variation Across SubgroupsRandall Akee, Sonya R. Porter, and Emilia SimeonovaAuthor IndexSubject Index