Public Capital, Growth and Welfare

Pierre-Richard Agenor is the Hallsworth Professor of International Macroeconomics and Development Economics at the University of Manchester and codirector of the Centre for Growth and Business Cycle Research. He is the coauthor of Development Macroeconomics (Princeton) and author of The Economics of Adjustment and Growth, among other books.

• Introduction and Overview 1 1 Basic Channels 11 1 Background 11 1.1 Productivity and Cost of Private Inputs 11 1.2 Complementarity Effect on Private Investment 14 1.3 Crowding-Out Effects 15 2 The Economy 16 2.1 Households 17 2.2 Firms 20 2.3 Government 23 2.4 Market-Clearing Conditions 25 3Equilibrium and the Balanced Growth Path 26 3.1 The Case Where mu = 1 27 3.2 The Case Wheremu<1 28 4Growth Effects of Public Policy 32 5Optimal Fiscal Policy 34 6Extensions 37 6.1 Indirect Taxation 37 6.2 Complementarity Effect 38 6.3 Public Capital and Household Utility 39 6.4 Partial Depreciation and Maintenance 40 6.4.1 Partial Depreciation 40 6.4.2 The Investment-Maintenance Trade-Off 41 Appendix: Optimal Policy underWelfare Maximization 45 2 Public Capital and Education 49 1 Background 49 2 The Economy 51 2.1 Households 51 2.2 Production of Goods 52 2.3 Production of Human Capital 53 2.4 Government 54 2.5 Savings-Investment Balance 55 3 Equilibrium and the Balanced Growth Path 55 3.1 The Case Where mu = 1 57 3.2 The Case Wheremu<1 59 4 Sensitivity of Education Technology 62 5 Public Policy 63 5.1 Increase in Public Spending 63 5.2 Optimal Expenditure Allocation 64 6 Extensions 65 6.1 Endogenous Rearing Costs 65 6.2 Time Allocation and Infrastructure 66 6.3 Schooling Quality 67 Appendix: Stability Conditions and Steady-State Effects withmu<1 69 3 Public Capital and Health 72 1 Background 73 1.1 Health and Economic Growth 73 1.2 Infrastructure and Health 75 1.3 Health Persistence 78 2 A Two-Period Framework 79 2.1 Households 79 2.2 Production of Goods 81 2.3 Health Status and Productivity 81 2.4 Government 83 2.5 Savings-Investment Balance 83 3 Time Allocation and Growth Dynamics 84 4 Public Spending, Growth, and Human Welfare 88 5 Optimal Spending Allocation 89 6 A Three-Period Framework with Endogenous Fertility 91 7 Endogenous Life Expectancy 100 8 Interactions between Health and Education 104 8.1 Impact of Health on Education 104 8.2 Impact of Education on Health 106 8.3 Magnification Effect 107 Appendix: Stability Conditions with Health Persistence 110 4 Public Capital and Innovation 111 1 Background 112 2 The Economy 113 2.1 Households 114 2.2 Production of the Final Good 114 2.3 Production of Intermediate Goods 116 2.4 Human Capital Accumulation 117 2.5 Research and Development Sector 117 2.6 Government 119 2.7 Savings-Investment Balance 119 2.8 Labor Market 119 3 Balanced Growth Path 120 4 Public Policy 121 4.1 Basic Intuition 121 4.2 Numerical Illustration 122 5 From Imitation to True Innovation 124 Appendix: Dynamic System and the Steady State 128 5 Public Capital and Women's Time Allocation 132 1 Background 133 1.1 Women's Time Allocation Constraints 133 1.1.1 Transportation 134 1.1.2 Water and Sanitation 134 1.1.3 Electricity 135 1.2 Intergenerational Health Externalities 136 1.2.1 Mothers' Health Status and Child Development 136 1.2.2 Mothers' Educational Status and Child Development 137 1.3 Analytical Implications 139 2 The Economy 139 2.1 Family's Utility and Income 141 2.2 Home Production 143 2.3 Market Production 143 2.4 Human Capital Accumulation 144 2.5 Health Status and Productivity 145 2.6 Government 146 2.7 Savings-Investment Balance 147 3 Women's Time Allocation and Fertility 148 4 The Balanced Growth Path 150 5 Public Policy 154 6 Women's Labor Supply and Development 156 7 Extensions 158 7.1 Public Capital and Gender Gaps 158 7.2 Nonunitary Household Framework 158 Appendix: Solution, Stability Conditions, and Steady-State Effects 163 6 Public Capital and Poverty Traps 174 1 Background 174 2 The Economy 177 2.1 Individuals 177 2.2 Firms 177 2.3 Government 178 2.4 Savings-Investment Balance 178 3 Balanced Growth Path 178 4 Network Externalities 179 5 The Big Push 182 6 Other Channels 184 6.1 Time Allocation 184 6.2 Health-Induced Poverty Traps 184 6.3 Technology Choice 186 7 Aid Volatility and Time to Build 188 7 Research Perspectives 192 1 Heterogeneous Infrastructure Assets 192 2 Political Economy of Government Spending Allocation 193 3 Excludable Public Goods 195 4 Debt, Public Capital, and Fiscal Rules 196 5 Spatial Dimensions of Public Capital 203 6 Infrastructure and Trade 206 7 Public-Private Partnerships 207 8 Public Capital and Income Distribution 209 9 Negative Externalities 212 10 Testing for the Impact of Public Capital on Growth 215 Lessons for Public Policy 219 References 225 Index 247

"As the developed world stands on the precipice of another deep recession, this book reminds us all that infrastructure investment is a powerful growth accelerator for the poorest nations on earth. Pierre-Richard Agenor lays solid foundations for intelligent public debates about development policy in a book that weaves together empirical evidence, economic intuition, and rigorous theory. The outcome is an ideal reference for those who study, teach, and work in the fields of economic growth, development, and poverty alleviation."--Costas Azariadis, Washington University in St. Louis "Infrastructure is increasingly becoming recognized as an important determinant of economic growth and economic welfare. Drawing in part on his past research, Pierre-Richard Agenor has provided a comprehensive treatment, emphasizing the widespread externalities permeating from infrastructure throughout the economy. This clearly written book is an important contribution and essential reading for anyone wishing to acquire state-of-the-art knowledge of this crucial area."--Stephen J. Turnovsky, University of Washington "Agenor's book makes a substantive contribution toward reconciling the microeconomic and macroeconomic strands of the literature on public capital and growth. It integrates numerous analytic findings scattered throughout the literature within a coherent framework that includes both the conventional and several novel channels through which core infrastructure impacts economic growth and welfare."--Joannis N. Kessides, Journal of Economic Literature "Laying a solid foundation of economic facts and ideas, Public Capital, Growth and Welfare provides a comprehensive look at the critical role of public capital in development."--World Book Industry "[T]his book is an essential tool of positive analysis for those (graduate students and researchers) working on growth and development theory, as well as an influential instrument of normative analysis for policy and decision makers operating in developed and less-developed countries. Such a book was definitely needed!"--Alberto Bucci, Journal of Economics