Police and Politics in India

Kirpal Dhillon has held some very important appoin­t­ments, among them Joint Director in the Central Bureau of Investigation and Director General of Police, Panjab and Madhya Pradesh, which enabled him to gain deep insights into police problems and strategies. He also served as the Vice-Chancellor of Bhopal University after retirement from the IPS, and was later elected a fellow of the Indian Institute of Advanced Study, Shimla. His earlier work on Indian police history, Defenders of the Establishment: Ruler-supportive Police Forces of South Asia was very well received. Widely travelled and a prolific writer?on?contemporary?themes,?he?passed?away?in?the?year?2018.

• Foreword 11Preface 151 Setting the Agenda: Postulates, Definitions, Correlations 21The Police Role 22Police and Society 24Police and the State 26Two Types of Police 29Police and the Indian Subcontinent 31Defenders of the Establishment 34Indian Police Act 1861 40Police and the Media 452 Coping with Independence 51Colonial Hangover 52Adjusting to the New Order 54Political Expediency and Law enforcement 57All India Services – The Indian Police Service 60IAS and IPS – An Uneasy Relationship 67Enfeeblement of the Civil Service 69Politicization 72Post-Independence Strains 78Special Commitments 81Protecting Democratic Process 85Police and Criminal Justice 863 The Political Environment 91An Aberrant Democracy 92Corruption High Places 99Ministerial Perks 104The New Mughals 107Corruption and Criminality 114Criminalization of Politics 1174 State Police I 130Growing Numbers, Swelling Budgets 130Recruitment Policies 136Special Branches 139VIP Security 143Criminal Investigation Department 147Complaints Against Police 151Brutality and Custodial Violence 153Corruption and Criminality 157Police and Weaker Sections 163Gang Dacoity – Encounters and Surrenders 1685 State Police II 185Caste Militias 185Expanding Span of Criminality 191Frequent Agitations and Disorder 200White-Collar Crime 203Cyber Crime 2066 State Police III209Judicial Activism and Delays 209Military Aid to Civil Authorities 220Mrs. Gandhi's Emergency 226Stray Experiments in Seeking Community Support 2377 Central Police Organization I 249Assam Rifles 253Central Reserve Police Force 255Border Security Force 262Railway Protection Force 267Indo-Tibetan Border Police 269Central Industrial Security Force 272National Security Guards 273Bureau of Civil Aviation Security 2778 Central Police Organization IINational Security and Intelligence 286Intelligence and Governance 293Intelligence Bureau 299Special Protection Group 314Central Bureau Investigation 3179 Training and Development 327Training Process and Design 330UNDP Project on Police Design 338Current Training Scenario: An Evaluation 341Committee on Police Training 349Bureau of Police Research and Development 352National Police Academy 355State Police Training Institutions 369Modernization 37210 Sectarian Conflicts 376Hindu-Muslim Divide 377Hindu view of Muslims 379Muslim view of Muslims 380Hindu view of Hindus 381Muslim view of Hindus 381Communal Riots 383Sectarian Divides and Terrorism 391Communal Violence and Civil Society 394More on Hindu-Muslim Riots 397Ayodhya 1992 – Mumbai 1992-3 402Coimbatore – 1997-8 413Gujarat Carnage 415Targeting Christians 419Rewriting History 42111 Socio-political Violence 427An Unjust Social Order 428Left Extremism (Naxalism) 433Separatist Violence 440The North-East 445Assam 446Nagaland 449Mizoram and Tripura 452Meitei Extremism (Manipur) 454The North-West 455Terrorism and Insurgency 456An Alternative Approach 46212 Panjab: 1983-92: Destabilization of a Mainstream State 466The Logic of Militancy 467The Rise of Bhindranwale and Operation Blue Star 473Post-Bhindranwale Phase 478Sikh Killings of 1984 482Rajiv-Longowal Accord and the Assassination of Longowal 483Two Phases of Militancy 487Operations Black Thunder 499The Beginning of the End 506Post-Militancy Trends 51213 Partition's Unfinished Agenda: The Kashmir Imbroglio 516A Brief Retrospect 518Spread of Militancy 523Intensification of Secessionism 532The Pakistan Connection 536The Autonomy Issue 540Kashmiri Islamic Tradition Under Stress 548Human Rights Issues 550Where Do We Go from Here 554Elections 2002 55714 Reforming the Police 562A Compromised Police 562Politics and Internal Security 564The Benchmarks 565Police and Criminal Justice 568National Police Commission 1978-81 574Principal Recommendations 578Reform Process 582Civilian Oversight Over the Police 585Police Unrest 590How South Africa Reformed its Police 593Summing Up 596Bibliography 601Index 605