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Thoroughly revised to present the very latest in PACS-based multimedia in medical imaging informatics—from the electronic patient record to the full range of topics in digital medical imaging—this new edition by the founder of PACS and multimedia image informatics features even more clinically applicable material than ever before. It uses the framework of PACS-based image informatics, not physics or engineering principles, to explain PACS-based multimedia informatics and its application in clinical settings and labs. New topics include Data Grid and Cloud Computing, IHE XDS-I Workflow Profile (Integrating the Healthcare Enterprise Cross-enterprise Document Sharing for Imaging), extending XDS to share images, and diagnostic reports and related information across a group of enterprise health care sites.PACS-Based Multimedia Imaging Informatics is presented in 4 sections. Part 1 covers the beginning and history of Medical Imaging, PACS, and Imaging Informatics. The other three sections cover Medical Imaging, Industrial Guidelines, Standards, and Compliance; Informatics, Data Grid, Workstation, Radiation Therapy, Simulators, Molecular Imaging, Archive Server, and Cloud Computing; and multimedia Imaging Informatics, Computer-Aided Diagnosis (CAD), Image-Guide Decision Support, Proton Therapy, Minimally Invasive Multimedia Image-Assisted Surgery, BIG DATA. New chapter on Molecular Imaging InformaticsExpanded coverage of PACS and eHR's (Electronic Health Record), with HIPPA complianceNew coverage of PACS-based CAD (Computer-Aided Diagnosis)Reorganized and expanded clinical chapters discuss one distinct clinical application eachMinimally invasive image assisted surgery in translational medicineAuthored by the world's first and still leading authority on PACS and medical imagingPACS-Based Multimedia Imaging Informatics: Basic Principles and Applications, 3rd Edition is the single most comprehensive and authoritative resource that thoroughly covers the critical issues of PACS-based hardware and software design and implementation in a systematic and easily comprehensible manner. It is a must-have book for all those involved in designing, implementing, and using PACS-based Multimedia Imaging Informatics.
H.K. "Bernie" Huang, D.Sc., FRCR (Hon.), is Professor Emeritus of Radiology and Biomedical Engineering at the University of Southern California, and Professor at the Shanghai Institute of Technical Physics, The Chinese Academy of Sciences. He was former Professor and Vice Chair of Radiology at the University of California, Los Angeles; and the University of California, San Francisco; and Chair Professor of Imaging informatics at the Hong Kong Polytechnic University.
Foreword 1 xxixForeword 2 xxxiForeword 3 xxxiiiPreface to the Third Edition xxxvPreface to the Second Edition xxxixAcknowledgments xliiiH.K. Huang Short Biography xlvList of Acronyms xlviiPart 1 The Beginning: Retrospective 11 Medical Imaging, PACS and Imaging Informatics: Retrospective 3PART I TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPMENT AND PIONEERS 41.1 Medical Imaging 41.2 PACS and its Development 81.3 Key Technologies: Computer and Software, Storage, and Communication Networks 151.4 Key Technologies: Medical Imaging Related 17PART II COLLABORATIONS AND SUPPORTS 221.5 Collaboration with Government Agencies, Industry and Medical Imaging Associations 221.6 Medical Imaging Informatics 291.7 Summary 321.8 Acknowledgments 34References 35Part 2 Medical Imaging, Industrial Guidelines, Standards, and Compliance 372 Digital Medical Imaging 392.1 Digital Medical Imaging Fundamentals 392.2 Two-Dimensional Medical Imaging 462.3 Three-Dimensional Medical Imaging 552.4 Four-Dimensional, Multimodality, and Fusion Imaging 782.5 Image Compression 85Further Reading 933 PACS Fundamentals 973.1 PACS Components and Network 973.2 PACS Infrastructure Design Concept 1013.3 Generic PACS-Based Multimedia Architecture and Workflow 1033.4 PACS-Based Architectures 1053.5 Communication and Networks 110Further Reading 1214 Industrial Standards: Health Level 7 (HL7), Digital Imaging and Communications in Medicine (DICOM) and Integrating the Healthcare Enterprise (IHE) 1234.1 Industrial Standards 1244.2 The Health Level 7 (HL7) Standard 1244.3 From ACR-NEMA to DICOM 1274.4 DICOM 3.0 Standard 1294.5 Examples of Using DICOM 1364.6 DICOM Organizational Structure and New Features 1384.7 IHE (Integrating the Healthcare Enterprise) 1424.8 Some Operating Systems and Programming Languages useful to HL7, DICOM and IHE 1514.9 Summary of Industrial Standards: HL7, DICOM and IHE 153References 153Further Reading 1545 DICOM-Compliant Image Acquisition Gateway and Integration of HIS, RIS, PACS and ePR 1555.1 DICOM Acquisition Gateway 1565.2 DICOM-Compliant Image Acquisition Gateway 1575.3 Automatic Image Data Recovery Scheme for DICOM Conformance Device 1625.4 Interface PACS Modalities with the Gateway Computer 1645.5 DICOM Compliance PACS Broker 1665.6 Image Preprocessing and Display 1675.7 Clinical Operation and Reliability of the Gateway 1685.8 Hospital Information System (HIS), Radiology Information System (RIS), and PACS 169References 1786 Web-Based Data Management and Image Distribution 1796.1 Distributed Image File Server: PACS-Based Data Management 1796.2 Distributed Image File Server 1796.3 Web Server 1816.4 Component-based Web Server for Image Distribution and Display 1836.5 Performance Evaluation 1886.6 Summary of PACS Data Management and Web]based Image Distribution 189Further Reading 1897 Medical Image Sharing for Collaborative Healthcare Based on IHE XDS-I Profile 1917.1 Introduction 1927.2 Brief Description of IHE XDS/XDS-I Profiles 1937.3 Pilot Studies of Medical Image Sharing and Exchanging for a Variety of Healthcare Services 1947.4 Results 2067.5 Discussion 209Acknowledgements 212References 212Part 3 Informatics, Data Grid, Workstation, Radiotherapy, Simulators, Molecular Imaging, Archive Server, and Cloud Computing 2158 Data Grid for PACS and Medical Imaging Informatics 2178.1 Distributed Computing 2178.2 Grid Computing 2198.3 Data Grid 2228.4 Fault-Tolerant Data Grid for PACS Archive and Backup, Query/Retrieval, and Disaster Recovery 226References 230Further Reading 2309 Data Grid for Clinical Applications 2339.1 Clinical Trials and the Data Grid 2339.2 Dedicated Breast MRI Enterprise Data Grid 2399.3 Administrating the Data Grid 2479.4 Summary 250References 251Further Reading 25110 Display Workstations 25310.1 PACS-Based Display Workstation 25410.2 Various Types of Image Workstation 26010.3 Image Display and Measurement Functions 26310.4 Workstation Graphic User Interface (GUI) and Basic Display Functions 26710.5 DICOM PC-Based Display Workstation Software 26910.6 Post-Processing Workflow, PACS-Based Multidimensional Display, and Specialized Post-Processing Workstation 27610.7 DICOM-Based Workstations in Progress 277References 28911 Multimedia Electronic Patient Record (EPR) System in Radiotherapy (RT) 29111.1 Multimodality 2-D and 3-D Imaging in Radiotherapy 29211.2 Multimedia ePR System in Radiation Treatment 29811.3 Radiotherapy Planning and Treatment 30111.4 Radiotherapy Workflow 30211.5 The ePR Data Model and DICOM-RT Objects 30311.6 Infrastructure, Workflow and Components of the Multimedia ePR in RT 30611.7 Database Schema 30911.8 Graphical User Interface Design 31111.9 Validation of the Concept of Multimedia ePR System in RT 31211.10 Advantages of the Multimedia ePR system in RT for Daily Clinical Practice 31911.11 Use of the Multimedia ePR System in RT For Image-Assisted Knowledge Discovery and Decision Making 32011.12 Summary 321Acknowledgement 321References 32112 PACS-Based Imaging Informatics Simulators 32512.1 Why Imaging Informatics Simulators? 32612.2 PACS–ePR Simulator 32812.3 Data Grid Simulator 32912.4 CAD–PACS Simulator 33112.5 Radiotherapy (RT) ePR Simulator 33512.6 Image]assisted Surgery (IAS) ePR Simulator 33812.7 Summary 344Acknowledgements 344References 34413 Molecular Imaging Data Grid (MIDG) 34713.1 Introduction 34813.2 Molecular Imaging 34813.3 Methodology 35113.4 Results 35813.5 Discussion 36013.6 Summary 361Acknowledgements 361References 36214 A DICOM-Based Second-Generation Molecular Imaging Data Grid (MIDG) with the IHE XDS-i Integration Profile 36514.1 Introduction 36614.2 Methodology 36914.3 System Implementation 37114.4 Data Collection and Normalization 37514.5 System Performance 37814.6 Data Transmission, MIDG Implementation, Workflow and System Potential 38014.7 Summary 383Acknowledgements 386References 38615 PACS-Based Archive Server and Cloud Computing 38915.1 PACS-Based Multimedia Biomedical Imaging Informatics 39015.2 PACS-Based Server and Archive 39015.3 PACS-Based Archive Server System Operations 39615.4 DICOM-Compliant PACS-Based Archive Server 39715.5 DICOM PACS-Based Archive Server Hardware and Software 39915.6 Backup Archive Server and Data Grid 40015.7 Cloud Computing and Archive Server 403Acknowledgements 414References 414Part 4 Multimedia Imaging Informatics, Computer-Aided Diagnosis (CAD), Image-Guide Decision Support, Proton Therapy, Minimally Invasive Multimedia Image-Assisted Surgery, Big Data 417Prologue – Chapters 16, 17 and 18 41716 DICOM-Based Medical Imaging Informatics and CAD 41916.1 Computer]Aided Diagnosis (CAD) 42016.2 Integration of CAD with PACS-Based Multimedia Informatics 42516.3 The CAD–PACS Integration Toolkit 42916.4 Data Flow of the three CAD–PACS Editions Integration Toolkit 432References 433Further Reading 43417 DICOM-Based CAD: Acute Intracranial Hemorrhage and Multiple Sclerosis 43517.1 Computer]Aided Detection (CAD) of Small Acute Intracranial Hemorrhage on CT of the brain 43517.2 Development of the CAD Algorithm for AIH on CT 43617.3 CAD-PACS Integration 45217.4 Multiple Sclerosis (MS) on MRI 456References 461Further Reading 46118 PACS-Based CAD: Digital Hand Atlas and Bone Age Assessment of children 46318.1 Average Bone Age of a Child 46418.2 Bone Age Assessment of Children 46618.3 Method of Analysis 47318.4 Integration of CAD with PACS-Based Multimedia Informatics for Bone Age Assessment of Children: The CAD System 47918.5 Validation of the CAD and the Comparison of CAD Result with Radiologists’ Assessment 48318.6 Clinical Evaluation of the CAD System for Bone Age Assessment (BAA) 48918.7 Integrating CAD for Bone Age Assessment with Other Informatics Systems 49318.8 Research and Development Trends in CAD–PACS Integration 497Acknowledgements 499References 499Further Reading 50019 Intelligent ePR System for Evidence-Based Research in Radiotherapy 50319.1 Introduction 50319.2 Proton Therapy Clinical Workflow and Data 50619.3 Proton Therapy ePR System 50819.4 System Implementation 51119.5 Results 51219.6 Conclusion and Discussion 520Acknowledgements 522References 52220 Multimedia Electronic Patient Record System for Minimally Invasive Image]Assisted Spinal Surgery 52520.1 Integration of Medical Diagnosis with Image]Assisted Surgery Treatment 52620.2 Minimally Invasive Spinal Surgery Workflow 53520.3 Multimedia ePR System for Image]Assisted MISS Workflow and Data Model 53620.4 ePR MISS System Architecture 53820.5 Pre-Op Authoring Module 54320.6 Intra-Op Module 54720.7 Post-Op Module 55320.8 System Deployment, User Training and Support 55420.9 Summary 557References 55721 From Minimally Invasive Spinal Surgery to Integrated Image-Assisted Surgery in Translational Medicine 55921.1 Introduction 56021.2 Integrated Image-Assisted Minimally Invasive Spinal Surgery 56121.3 IIA-MISS EMR System Evaluation 56521.4 To Fulfill some Translational Medicine Aims 56921.5 Summary 57121.6 Contribution from Colleagues 572Acknowledgement 572References 57222 Big Data in PACS-Based Multimedia Medical Imaging Informatics 57522.1 Big Data in PACS-Based Multimedia Medical Imaging Informatics 57522.2 Characters and Challenges of Medical Image Big Data 57722.3 Possible and Potential Solutions of Big Data in DICOM PACS-Based Medical Imaging and Informatics 58122.4 Research Projects Related to Medical Imaging Big Data 58622.5 Summary of Big Data 587Acknowledgements 588References 588Index 591