Oilfield Chemistry and its Environmental Impact

Henry A. Craddock, PhD, is a private consultant and qualified professional chemist with over twenty-five years' experience in the upstream oil and gas industry, particularly in the application of chemistry to oil and gas drilling, development, production, and related problem areas. He is also a Fellow of the Royal Society of Chemistry, a Chartered Chemist and a Member of the Society of Petroleum Engineers.

• Preface xix1 Introduction and History 11.1 Demulsifiers 21.2 Corrosion Inhibitors 31.3 Drilling Fluids and Additives 41.4 Cementing 51.5 Well Stimulation and Improving Recovery 61.6 Water Treatments 81.7 Crude Oil Treatments 111.8 Other Chemical Products 131.9 Oilfield Chemistry 14References 152 Polymer Chemistry 212.1 General Organic Polymers: Synthetic Polymers 232.2 Natural Polymers and Related Materials 462.3 Dendritic Polymers and Other Unclassified Polymers 682.4 Plastics, Fibres, Elastomers and Coatings 712.5 Polymer Application and Injection 732.6 Polymer Degradation and Biodegradation 762.7 Polymer Recycling and Reuse 912.8 Sustainable Polymers 92References 933 Surfactants and Amphiphiles 1113.1 How Surfactants Work 1143.2 Anionic Surfactants 1263.3 Non]ionic Surfactants 1423.4 Cationic Surfactants 1623.5 Amphoteric Surfactants 1673.6 Polymeric and Other Surfactant Types 1723.7 Biosurfactants, Natural Surfactants and Some Environmental Considerations 1763.8 Oilfield Dispersants 1793.9 Degradation, Biodegradation and Environmental Fate of Surfactants 181References 1904 Phosphorus Chemistry 2114.1 Phosphates 2124.2 Phosphonates and Phosphonic Acid Derivatives 2144.3 Polyphosphonates 2174.4 Phosphino Polymers and Polyphosphinate Derivatives 2194.5 Phosphoric Esters (Phosphate Esters) 2204.6 Phosphonium Quaternary Salts and Related Compounds 2214.7 Phospholipids 2234.8 Biophosphorus Chemistry and Environmental Considerations 224References 2275 Metals, Inorganic Salts and Other Inorganics 2335.1 Alkali Metal Salts and Related Materials 2335.2 Aluminium and Its Salts 2475.3 Barium Salts 2515.4 Boron and Its Compounds 2535.5 Calcium and Its Salts 2545.6 Halogens 2585.7 Iron and Its Salts 2655.8 Zinc and Its Salts 2685.9 Other Metals, Other Inorganics and Related Compounds 2705.10 Environmental Issues Relating to Metals and Inorganics 288References 2906 Low Molecular Weight Organic Chemicals and Related Additives 3076.1 Organic Acids, Aldehydes and Related Derivatives 3086.2 Alcohols, Thiols, Ethers and Amines 3256.3 Nitrogen Heterocycles 3406.4 Sulphur and Oxygen Heterocycles 3496.5 Other Heterocycles 3516.6 Natural Products and Biological Molecules 3556.7 Other Non]classified Products 3636.8 Environmental Impact of Low Molecular Weight Organic Molecules 366References 3677 Silicon Chemistry 3857.1 Silica 3867.2 Silicates 3897.3 Silicones and Silicone Polymers 394References 4008 Solvents, Green Solvents and Formulation Practices 4058.1 How Solvents Work 4058.2 Oilfield Solvents 4078.3 The Environmental Impact of Solvents and Green Solvents 4228.4 Formulation Practices 4269 The Regulation and Control of the Use and Discharge of Chemicals in the Oilfield 4579.1 Chemical Regulation in Europe: The OSPAR Treaty 4589.2 Chemical Regulation in the United States 4649.3 Chemical Regulation in Canada 4679.4 Chemical Regulation in Australia 4689.5 Other National Authorities 4699.6 Conclusions and Critique 4699.7 Further Conclusions 481References 48410 Sustainability and ‘Green’ Chemistry 48910.1 Sustainability and Sustainable Development 48910.2 Sustainable Development in the Oil and Gas Sector 49110.3 The Environmental Fate of Chemicals in the Upstream Oil and Gas Sector 50410.4 Environmental Pollution in the Oil and Gas Sector and Its Control 51110.5 Life Cycle Management 51310.6 ‘Green’ Chemistry 51510.7 The Future of Oilfield Chemicals and Some General Conclusions 522Index 535