Modern Crop Protection Compounds, 4 Volume Set

Peter Jeschke was a senior fellow in research and development in Pest Control Chemistry at Bayer AG Crop Science in Germany, from 1997 until his retirement in 2022. He is also an honorary professor at the Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Germany. Clemens Lamberth retired in 2024 after more than 30 years as a senior principal scientist in the chemical research department of Syngenta Crop Protection AG in Switzerland. He is specialized in the discovery of fungicides. Beth Lorsbach is the Global Head of Innovation and Development at Nufarm in Indianapolis, USA. She is responsible for delivering innovative and disruptive solutions to solve farmers' needs as Nufarm pivots to become an agriculture innovator.

• Volume 1Preface to the Fourth Edition xxxiPart I Herbicides 1Overview 3Beth Lorsbach1 Herbicide Resistance Action Committee (HRAC): Herbicide Classification, Resistance Evolution, Survey, and Resistance Mitigation Activities 5Roland Beffa, Hubert Menne, and Helmut Köcher1.1 Introduction 51.2 HRAC Herbicide Classification System 71.3 Herbicide Resistance Survey 92 Acetohydroxyacid Synthase Structure and Inhibitors (AHAS/ALS) 312.1 Biochemistry, Structure, Regulation, Mechanism, Inhibition of the Target, and Resistance 31Ryan P. Emptage and Steven Gutteridge2.2 Newer Sulfonylureas 50Oswald Ort and David M. Barber2.3 Imidazolinone Herbicides 90Dale L. Shaner, Mark Stidham, Bijay Singh, and Siyuan Tan2.4 Triazolopyrimidines 101Timothy C. Johnson, Richard K. Mann, Paul R. Schmitzer, Roger E. Gast, and Gerrit J. de Boer2.5 Triazolopyrmidine Addendum 119Paul R. Schmitzer and Jossian Oppenheimer2.6 Pyrimidinyl Carboxylates and Sulfonanilides 124Atsushi Shibayama, Osamu Watanabe, and Tsutomu Shimizu2.7 Sulfonylaminocarbonyl-Triazolinones 150Klaus-Helmut Müller, Hans-Joachim Santel, Ernst Rudolf F. Gesing, and Gilbert Besong3 Protoporphyrinogen IX Oxidase Inhibitors 1753.1 Protoporphyrinogen IX Oxidase Inhibitors 175Tobias Seiser, Jared Bell, Dustin Lewis, Cyrill Zagar, Rex Liebl, George Theodoridis, and Matthias Witschel3.2 The PPO Target Site, Resistance Evolution, and Herbicide Tolerance Trait Discovery 215Jared Bell, Aimone Porri, and Carla Yerkes4 Herbicides with Bleaching Properties 2474.1 Phytoene Desaturase Inhibitors 247Matthias Witschel and Gerhard Hamprecht4.2 Hydroxyphenylpyruvate Dioxygenase (HPPD): The Herbicide Target 272John P. Evans and Timothy R. Hawkes4.3 Triketones 283Andrew J.F. Edmunds and James A. Morris4.4 4-Hydroxyphenylpyruvate Dioxygenase (HPPD) Inhibitors: Heterocycles 314Andreas van Almsick and Paul M. Burton5 New Auxin Mimics and Herbicides 3375.1 The Molecular Mode of Action of Auxin Herbicides 337Jared L. Bell, Paul R. Schmitzer, and Hudson Takano5.2 New Auxin Mimic Herbicides: Aminopyralid 352Jeffrey B. Epp, Roger E. Gast, Jeff A. Nelson, and William C. Lo5.3 Pyrimidine Carboxylic Acids: Aminocyclopyrachlor 361Hansjörg Krähmer, Harry J. Strek, Jon S. Claus, David M. Barber, and Bruce L. Finkelstein5.4 6-Arylpicolinates: Halauxifen-Methyl and Florpyrauxifen-Benzyl 378Roger E. Gast, Mauricio Morell, Monte R. Weimer, and Paul R. Schmitzer6 Herbicides Disturbing the Synthesis of Very-Long-Chain Fatty Acids 3856.1 Inhibitors of the Synthesis of Very-Long-Chain Fatty Acids (VLCFAs) 385Rebecka Dücker, Hansjörg Krähmer, Peter Babczinski, and Roland Beffa6.2 Chemistry and Biology of Oxyacetamides, Tetrazolinones, and Triazolinones 398Hansjörg Krähmer and Roland Beffa6.3 Isoxazolines 408Masao Nakatani, Masaru Shibata, Atsushi Sato, Hisashi Honda, Yoshitaka Tanetani, Kiyoshi Kawai, Ryo Hanai, Takumi Yoshimura, and Tsutomu Shimizu7 Inhibitors of Cellulose Biosynthesis 421Bernd Laber and Hansjörg Dietrich7.1 Introduction 4217.2 Cellulose Biosynthesis 4217.3 Cellulose Biosynthesis Inhibitors from Different Chemical Classes 4267.4 Cellulose Biosynthesis Inhibitors from Natural Sources 4518 Safeners for Herbicides 463Graham Collier, Beth Lorsbach, Chris Rosinger, and Wolfgang Schulte8.1 Introduction 4638.2 Overview of Selected Safeners 4678.3 Mechanisms of Herbicide Safener Action 4758.4 Mode of Action of Safeners in Agricultural Practice 4808.5 Concluding Remarks 4859 Genetically Modified Herbicide Tolerant Crops 4899.1 Genetically Modified Herbicide-Resistant Crops: A Future Beyond Glyphosate 489Chandrima Shyam, Clayton T. Larue, Neha Rana, and Alejandro Perez-Jones9.2 Glutamine Synthetase Inhibitors 505Wolfgang Schulte and Clayton T. Larue10 Microtubulin Assembly Inhibitors (Pyridines) 523Joshua J. Roth, Jeffrey B. Epp, Darin W. Lickfeldt, Denise P. Cudworth, Daniel D. Loughner, and Lowell D. Markley10.1 Introduction 52310.2 Biology of the Microtubulin Assembly Inhibitors (Pyridines) 52410.3 Environmental Fate of Microtubulin Assembly Inhibitors (Pyridines) 52510.4 Toxicology of Microtubulin Assembly Inhibitors (Pyridines) 52610.5 Mode of Action of Microtubulin Assembly Inhibitors (Pyridines) 52610.6 Synthesis of Dithiopyr and Thiazopyr 52711 Acetyl-CoA Carboxylase Inhibitors 531Yunas Bhonoah, Vikas Sikervar, Danielle Sayer, Jean Wenger, Thierry Niderman, Chris Mathews, Steve Wailes, and Christopher M. Baker11.1 Introduction 53111.2 Biochemistry and Mode of Action 53111.3 Commercialized ACCase Inhibitors 53511.4 The Need for New ACCase-Inhibiting Herbicides 54111.5 The Challenge of Bringing New ACCase Compounds to Market 54211.6 New Approaches in ACCase Chemistry 54511.7 Summary and Conclusions 55112 Homogentisate Solanesyltransferase (HST) Inhibitors: Cyclopyrimorate 559Mamiko Shino, Takahiro Hamada, and Shinichi Banba12.1 Introduction 55912.2 Discover of Cyclopyrimorate 55912.3 Mode of Action of Cyclopyrimorate 56112.4 Biological Spectrum and Activity of Cyclopyrimorate 56712.5 Other HST Inhibitors 56812.6 Summary and Conclusions 56813 Solanesyl Diphosphate Synthase Inhibitors: Aclonifen 571Gudrun Lange, Mohan Padmanaban, and Bernd Laber13.1 Introduction 57113.2 Synthesis of Aclonifen 57113.3 Elucidation of the Aclonifen Site of Action 57213.4 Mechanism of Solanesyl Diphosphate Synthase Inhibition 57413.5 Molecular Basis of Aclonifen Binding to Solanesyl Diphosphate Synthase 57513.6 Species and Isoform Selectivity 57713.7 Solanesyl Diphosphate Synthase Inhibitors: Recent Developments 57914 Inhibitors of the Deoxy-D-Xylulose Phosphate Synthase (DOXP Synthase) 589Saptarshi De, Ryan Emptage, and Il-Ho Kang14.1 Introduction 58914.2 Mode of Action 58914.3 Chemical Synthesis 59214.4 Clomazone 59314.5 Bixlozone 59514.6 Other Known Isoxazolidinone Herbicides 59514.7 Summary 59815 Fatty Acid Thioesterase Inhibitors 603Matthias Witschel15.1 Introduction 60315.2 Fatty Acid Thioesterases in Plants 60315.3 Biochemical Validation of Fatty Acid Thioesterase Inhibition by Commercial Herbicides 60415.4 Crystal Structure of Cinmethylin- and Cumyluron-Bound Fatty Acid Thioesterase A 60515.5 Chemical Structure Types and Activities of Fatty Acid Thioesterase Inhibitors 60615.6 Synthetic Routes for Fatty Acid Thioesterase Inhibitors 60916 Validation of Dihydroorotate Dehydrogenase as a Herbicide Target: Discovery of Tetflupyrolimet 613Thomas P. Selby, Alison M. Levens, IL-Ho Kang, Ryan P. Emptage, and John L. Andreassi16.1 Introduction 61316.2 Pyrimidine Biosynthesis Pathway 61316.3 DHODH as an Agrochemical Target 61516.4 Search for a New Mode of Action Herbicide 61616.5 Conclusion 62017 Photosynthesis Inhibitors: Regulatory Aspects, Reregistration in Europe, Market Trends, and New Products 623Martyn Griffiths17.1 Introduction 62317.2 The Approval Process for Active Substances in the World and Especially the European Union 62617.3 Main Changes in Guidelines Regarding EU Reapproval 63117.4 New Regulations in Europe 63817.5 Situation of PS II Inhibitors in the EU Markets 64217.6 Current Market Share of PS II Compound Groups 64317.7 A Relatively New Herbicide for Corn and Sugarcane: Amicarbazone 65017.8 Conclusions 65318 New Aspects of Plant Regulators 659Hans Ulrich Haas18.1 Introduction 65918.2 Plant Growth Regulators 65918.3 Plant Growth Regulators in Modern Agriculture 66118.4 Conclusions and Developments 667References 667Index 671Volume 2Preface to the Fourth Edition xxvPart II Fungicides 687Overview 689Clemens Lamberth19 FRAC Mode-of-Action Classification and Resistance Risk of Fungicides 691Andreas Goertz, Dietrich Hermann, and Klaus Stenzel20 Fungicides Acting on Oxidative Phosphorylation 71520.1 The Biochemistry of Oxidative Phosphorylation 715Urvashi Thacker, Stefano Rendine, and Fergus Earley20.2 Inhibitors of Complex III 74220.2.1 Strobilurins and Other Qo Inhibitors 742Markus Gewehr, Ian Craig, and Hubert Sauter20.2.2 Picolinamides and Other Qi Inhibitors 789Kevin G. Meyer and Chenglin Yao20.3 Inhibitors of Complex II (Succinate Dehydrogenase) 80320.3.1 Succinate Dehydrogenase Inhibitors: Anilides 803Joachim Rheinheimer and Christian Winter20.3.2 Succinate Dehydrogenase Inhibitors: N-Benzyl-N-cyclopropylamides 818Michael Maue, Philippe Desbordes, Jochen Kleemann, and Andreas Mehl20.3.3 Succinate Dehydrogenase Inhibitors: N-Phenethylamides 827Clemens Lamberth20.3.4 Succinate Dehydrogenase Inhibitors: N-Pyridinylethylamides 837Andreas Mehl, Jochen Kleemann, Heiko Rieck, and Pierre-Yves Coqueron20.4 Uncouplers of Oxidative Phosphorylation 847William G. Whittingham21 Fungicides Acting on Amino Acids and Protein Synthesis: Anilinopyrimidines – Assumed Methionine Biosynthesis Inhibitors 869Ulrich Gisi, Urs Müller, and Samantha Hall22 Fungicides Acting on Signal Transduction 88122.1 Mode of Action of Fludioxonil, Fenpiclonil, and Quinoxyfen 881Andrew Corran22.2 Chemistry and Biology of Fludioxonil, Fenpiclonil, and Quinoxyfen 888Gertrude Knauf-Beiter, Ronald Zeun, and Clemens Lamberth23 Fungicides Acting on Mitosis and Cell Division: Zoxamide, an Antitubulin Fungicide for Control of Oomycete Pathogens 907David H. Young24 Sterol Biosynthesis Inhibitors 917Andreas Mehl, Klaus Stenzel, David Bernier, and Jean-Pierre Vors25 Carboxylic Acid Amide (CAA) Fungicides 973Mathias Blum, Ulrich Gisi, Clemens Lamberth, Andreas Mehl, and Thomas Seitz26 Fluopicolide: Anti-oomycete Fungicide with a Unique Mode of Action 995Bernd Essigmann, Jochen Kleemann, Marie-Pascale Latorse, Valérie Toquin, Emilia Hilz, Roland Beffa, and Luigi Di Vietro27 Melanin Biosynthesis Inhibitors 1003Hiroyuki Hagiwara, Takahiro Hamada, and Shinichi Banba28 Modern Powdery Mildew Fungicides 1023Jochen Dietz and Christian Winter29 Newest Aspects of Nucleic Acid Synthesis Inhibitors – Metalaxyl-M 1039Helge Sierotzki, Laura Quaranta, Stefano Torriani, Ulrich Gisi, and Urs Müller30 Host Defense Inducers 1051Valerie Toquin, Christoph A. Braun, Catherine Sirven, Lutz Assmann, Jeremy Dufour, Stefan Hillebrand, and Emilia Hilz31 Oxysterol-Binding Protein Inhibitors 1075Clemens Lamberth32 Quinofumelin and Other Dihydroorotate Dehydrogenase Inhibitors 1085Shinichi Banba, Hiroyuki Ito, and Norikazu Higashimura33 Pyridachlometyl and Other Tubulin Dynamics Modulators 1099Yuichi Matsuzaki, Hiroshi Ikegami, Tadafumi Matsunaga, and Akio Manabe34 Aminopyrifen and Other GPI-anchored Wall Transfer Protein Inhibitors 1111Masahiro Hatamoto and Ryo Aizawa35 Fungicides with Unknown Mode of Action 1125Clemens LamberthIndex 1135Volume 3aPreface to the Fourth Edition xxvPart III Insecticides 1147Overview 1149Peter Jeschke36 IRAC: Insecticide Resistance and Mode of Action Classification of Insecticides 1155Ralf Nauen, Russell Slater, Thomas C. Sparks, Alfred Elbert, and Alan McCaffery37 Insect Molting and Metamorphosis 117337.1 Molting Disruptors, Dipteran: Cyromazine 1173Yeshua Sempere Molina and Sven Geibel37.2 Ecdysone Receptor Agonists: Diacylhydrazines 1178Luis E. Gomez, Tarlochan Singh Dhadialla, and Ronald Ross Jr37.3 Juvenil Hormone Receptor Modulators: Pyriproxyfen 1221Makoto Hatakoshi and Katsuya Natsuhara38 Chitin Biosynthesis 123738.1 Chitin Structure and Biosynthesis 1237Sven Geibel, Neil A. Spomer, Joel J. Sheets, and Yeshua Sempere38.2 Inhibitors of Chitin Biosynthesis Affecting CHS1 1243Yeshua Sempere Molina, Neil A. Spomer, Joel J. Sheets, and Sven Geibel38.3 Inhibitors of Chitin Biosynthesis, Type 1: Buprofezin 1252Yeshua Sempere and Sven Geibel38.4 Mite Growth Inhibitors Affecting CHS1: Clofentezine, Hexythiazox, and Etoxazole 1257Ralf Nauen and Thomas Bretschneider39 Microbial Disruptors of Insect Midgut Membranes 1275Jeroen Van Rie40 Metabolic Processes 131340.1 Inhibitors of Oxidative Phosphorylation 1313Fergus Earley40.1.1 Inhibitors of Mitochondrial ATP Synthase 1314Fergus Earley, Roger Hall, and Josef Ehrenfreund40.2 Uncouplers of Oxidative Phosphorylation via Disruption of the Proton the Gradient 1326David Kuhn, Nigel Armes, and Catia Sazaki40.3 Inhibitors of Mitochondrial Electron Transport: Acaricides and Insecticides 1333Peter Lümmen, Thomas C. Sparks, Carl V. DeAmicis, Mark A. Dekeyser, Takashi Furuya, Motofumi Nakano, Shinsuke Fujioka, and Kozo Machiya40.3.1 Introduction: The Mitochondrial Respiratory Chain 133340.3.2 Mitochondrial Complex I Electron Transport Inhibitors 133540.3.3 Mitochondrial Complex II Electron Transport Inhibitors 134440.3.3.4 Pyflubumide 1350Takashi Furuya, Motofumi Nakano, Shinsuke Fujioka, and Kozo Machiya40.3.3.5 Binding Modes, Target-Site Mutations, and Species Selectivity of Complex II Inhibitors 136140.3.4 Mitochondrial Complex III Electron Transport Inhibitors 136340.3.5 Mitochondrial Complex III Electron Transport Inhibitors – Qi site: Flometoquin 1372Takeru Kobayashi, Ryo Horikoshi, and Andrew J. Crossthwaite40.4 Inhibitors of Acetyl-CoA-Carboxylase 1379Peter Jeschke, Reiner Fischer, and Ralf Nauen40.4.1 Introduction 137940.4.2 Taget Site Mutations of Acetyl-CoA-Carboxylase 138040.4.3 Tetronic Acid Derivatives: Spirodiclofen and Spiromesifen 1383Peter Jeschke, Reiner Fischer, and Ralf Nauen40.4.4 Tetramic Acid Derivatives: Spirotetramat 1397Peter Jeschke, Reiner Fischer, and Ralf Nauen40.4.5 Tetramic Acid Derivatives: Spiropidion 1408Anke Buchholz and Michel Muehlebach40.4.6 Tetramic Acid Derivatives: Spidoxamat 1421Reiner Fischer, Christian Marienhagen, and Ralf Nauen41 Nervous System 142941.1 Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptor Competitive Modulators, Allosteric Modulators, and Channel Blockers: Target and Selectivity Aspects 1429Peter Jeschke, Ralf Nauen, and Michael Edmund Beck41.2 Chemical Structural Features of Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptor Competitive Modulators 1481Peter Jeschke41.2.1 Introduction 148141.2.2 Active Ingredients of the IRAC MoA Subgroup 4A 148241.2.3 Active Ingredients of the IRAC MoA Subgroups 4C to 4E 148541.2.4 Neonicotinoids 148741.2.4.1 Noncyclic Neonicotinoids 1487Peter Jeschke41.2.4.2 Five-Membered Heterocycles: Imidacloprid and Thiacloprid 1517Peter Jeschke and Koichi Moriya41.2.4.3 Six-Membered Heterocycles: Thiamethoxam and AKD 1022 1537Peter Maienfisch41.2.5 Sulfoximines: Sulfoxaflor 1566Thomas C. Sparks, Michael R. Loso, Trent Perry, Frank J. Wessels, Ann M. Buysse, Benjamin M. Nugent, Vincent J. Kramer, Luis E. Gomez, Imre Mezei, David G.J. Mann, Nick X. Wang, and Gerald B. WatsonVolume 3bPreface to the Fourth Edition xxvii41.2.6 Butenolides: Flupyradifurone 1599Peter Jeschke, Ralf Nauen, Robert Velten, Michael E. Beck, Matthias Haas, Christian Funke, and Georg Raupach41.2.7 Mesoionics 162641.2.7.1 Triflumezopyrim 1626Daniel Cordova, Wenming Zhang, Caleb W. Holyoke Jr, James D. Barry, Vineet Singh, Isaac B. Annan, Luis A.F. Teixeira, and John L. Andreassi41.2.7.2 Fenmezoditiaz 1642Joachim Dickhaut, Martin Weisel, Huazhang Huang, Lixin Mao, Barbara Wedel, Colin Ehnes, and Kai Ristau41.2.8 Pyridinylidenes: Flupyrimin 1651Ryo Horikoshi, Takehito Terajima, Kenji Shimomura, and Motohiro Tomizawa41.3 Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptor Allosteric Modulators – Site I: Spinosyns 1659Thomas C. Sparks, Natalie C. Giampietro, Trent Perry, Frank Wessels, David G.J. Mann, Babu Raman, John Daeuble, M. Paige Oliver, Gary D. Crouse, Gerald B. Watson, James E. Dripps, and Imre Mezei41.4 Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptor Allosteric Modulators – Site II: GS-Omega/Kappa HxTx-Hv1a Peptide 1687Dara G. Stockton41.5 Sodium Channel Modulators 1702Peter Jeschke41.6 Voltage-dependent Sodium Channel Blockers 171841.6.1 Oxadiazines: Indoxacarb 1718Stephen F. McCann, Daniel Cordova, John T. Andaloro, and George P. Lahm41.6.2 Semicarbazone: Metaflumizone 1734David Kuhn, Kazuhiro Takagi, Tomokazu Hino, Nigel Armes, and Desirée Hodges41.7 GABA-gated Chloride Channel Blockers 174441.7.1 Phenylpyrazoles: Ethiprole and Fipronil 1744Vincent L. Salgado, Keith A. Holmes, Lixin Mao, and Stefan Schnatterer41.8 GABA-gated Chloride Channel Allosteric Modulators 178241.8.1 Meta-diamides: Broflanilide 1782Toshifumi Nakao and Shinichi Banba41.8.2 Isoxazolines: Fluxametamide 1791Takeshi Mita, Yuki Furukawa, Motoyoshi Iwasa, Takamasa Kikuchi, Miho Asahi, and Mitsuaki Komoda41.8.3 Isoxazolines: Isocycloseram 1801Jérôme Cassayre and Myriem El Qacemi41.9 Glutamate-gated Chloride Channel Allosteric Modulators: Avermectins and Milbemycins 1815Ottmar Franz Hüter and Thomas Pitterna42 Chordotonal Organ TRPV Channel Modulators 183942.1 Pyridine Azomethine Derivatives: Pymetrozine and Pyrifluquinazon 1839Peter Maienfisch42.2 Pyropenes: Afidopyropen 1856Desirée M. Hodges, Anna K. Hoffarth, Ryo Horikoshi, Christopher Koradin, James Machamer, Christoph Schissler, Toshiaki Sunazuka, Robert R. Svadlenak, and Siddharth Tiwari42.3 Indazapyroxamet 1868Wenming Zhang, Daniel Cordova, Jason Hamm, Billy Annan, David Clark, and Suobao Rong43 Chordotonal Organ Modulators 187943.1 Chordotonal Organ Nicotinamidase Inhibitors: Flonicamid 1879Peter Maienfisch43.2 Chordotonal Organ Modulators – Undefined Target Site: Dimpropyridaz 1890Barbara Wedel, Desirée Hodges, and Karsten Koerber44 New Unknown Mode of Action 189944.1 Pyridalyl 1899Shigeru Saito and Noriyasu Sakamoto44.2 Benzpyrimoxan 1906Eikoh Satoh45 Insecticides Affecting Calcium Homeostasis 191345.1 Ryanodine Receptor Modulators: Diamides 1913Peter Lümmen, Ulrich Ebbinghaus-Kintscher, Takao Masaki, Hiroshi Hamaguchi, and Takashi Hirooka45.2 Phthalic Acid Diamide: Flubendiamide 1923Ulrich Ebbinghaus-Kintscher, Peter Lümmen, Takao Masaki, Hiroshi Hamaguchi, and Takashi Hirooka45.3 Anthranilic Diamides: Chlorantraniliprole and Cyantraniliprole 1929George P. Lahm, Daniel Cordova, James D. Barry, John T. Andaloro, Isaac B. Annan, Paula C. Marcon, Hector E. Portillo, Luis A. Teixeira, Thomas M. Stevenson, and Thomas P. Selby45.4 Anthranilic Diamide: Cyclaniliprole 1949Masamitsu Tsukamoto, Taku Hamamoto, Satoko Fujii, Chiaki Takeda, Yusuke Kumakura, and Masayuki Morita45.5 Anthranilic Diamide: Tetraniliprole 1960Rüdiger Fischer, Christian Funke, Sergii Pazenok, and Matthieu Willot46 Vesicular Acetylcholine Transporter Inhibitors 197546.1 Oxazosulfyl 1975Mai Ito, Shinya Nishimura, and Yoshihiko Nokura47 Nematicides 197947.1 IRAC: Nematicide Mode of Action Classification 1979Peter Maienfisch47.2 Mitochondrial Complex II Electron Transport Inhibitors – Succinate-coenzyme Q Reductase 201047.2.1 Fluopyram 2010Peter Lümmen, Svenja Bellof, and Helmut Fürsch47.2.2 Cyclobutrifluram 2023Olivier Loiseleur, Anthony Flemming, Torsten Luksch, Brigitte Slaats, Matthias Gaberthueel, Marcus Guest, and Richard Currie47.3 Compounds of Unknown or Uncertain Mode of Action 203747.3.1 Fluazaindolizine 2037George P. Lahm, John A. Wiles, Daniel Cordova, Tim Thoden, Johan Desaeger, Ben K. Smith, Thomas F. Pahutski, Michel A. Rivera, Tony Meloro, Roman Kucharczyk, Renee M. Lett, Anne Daly, and Brenton T. Smith47.3.2 Fluazaindolizine (Addendum) 2047Tim Thoden, John A. Wiles, Chaoxian Geng, and Timothy WilsonIndex 2051