About the AuthorP. Narayanasamy, served in various capacities as Postdoctoral Research Fellow, International Rice Research Institute, Philippines, as Virus Pathologist at the Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi and as Professor and Head, at the Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, India.

• Preface xvAcknowledgement xviiVolume 1 Pathogen Detection and Identification 11 Introduction 31.1 Concepts and Implications of Pathogen Infection of Seeds and Propagules 31.2 Economic Importance of Seed] and Propagule]Borne Microbial Pathogens 41.3 Nature of Seed] and Propagule]Borne Microbial Pathogens 61.4 Development of Crop Disease Management Systems 8References 92 Detection and Identification of Fungal Pathogens 122.1 Detection and Differentiation of Fungal Pathogens in Seeds 122.2 Detection and Differentiation of Fungal Pathogens in Propagules 862.3 Appendix 104References 1123 Biology of Fungal Pathogens 1343.1 Biological Characteristics 1353.2 Physiological Characteristics of Fungal Pathogens 1443.3 Genotypic Characteristics of Fungal Pathogens 1473.4 Influence of Storage Conditions 1653.5 Appendix 166References 1664 Process of Infection by Fungal Pathogens 1744.1 Invasion Paths of Seedborne Fungal Pathogens 1744.2 Invasion Paths of Propagule]Borne Fungal Pathogens 207References 2105 Detection and Identification of Bacterial and Phytoplasmal Pathogens 2205.1 Detection and Identification of Bacterial Pathogens 2205.2 Detection of Bacterial Pathogens in Propagules 2735.3 Detection of Phytoplasmal Pathogens 3265.4 Appendix 343References 3526 Biology and Infection Process of Bacterial and Phytoplasmal Pathogens 3756.1 Biology of Bacterial Pathogens 3756.2 Disease Cycles of Seedborne Bacterial Pathogens 3776.3 Disease Cycles of Propagule]Borne Bacterial Pathogens 4096.4 Biology of Phytoplasmal Pathogens 4296.5 Disease Cycles of Phytoplasmal Pathogens 4316.6 Appendix 437References 4377 Detection and Identification of Viruses and Viroids 4577.1 Detection of Viruses in Seeds 4577.2 Detection of Viruses in Propagules 4937.3 Detection of Viroids in Seeds 5727.4 Detection of Viroids in Propagules 5777.5 Appendix 590References 5948 Biology and Infection Process of Viruses and Viroids 6198.1 Characteristics of Plant Viruses 6198.2 Biological Properties of Viruses 6208.3 Infection Process of Plant Viruses 6328.4 Characteristics of Viroids 6468.5 Infection Process of Viroids 651References 656Index 669Volume 2 Epidemiology and Management of Crop Diseases 19 Epidemiology of Seed] and Propagule]Borne Diseases 39.1 Epidemiology of Fungal Diseases 49.2 Epidemiology of Bacterial Diseases 279.3 Epidemioloy of Virus Diseases 37References 4210 Crop Disease Management: Exclusion of Pathogens 5210.1 Health Status of Seeds and Propagules 5210.2 Plant Quarantines for Preventing Entry of Microbial Pathogens 6310.3 Production of Disease]Free Seeds and Propagules 7210.4 Appendix 89References 9111 Crop Disease Management: Reduction of Pathogen Inoculum 10011.1 Reduction of Pathogen Inoculum by Cultural Practices 10011.2 Reduction of Pathogen Inoculum by Physical Techniques 12311.3 Reduction of Pathogen Inoculum by Chemical Techniques 132References 13312 Crop Disease Management: Enhancement of Genetic Resistance of Crop Plants 14212.1 Types of Disease Resistance 14212.2 Identfication of Sources of Resistance to Crop Diseases 14512.3 Improvement of Disease Resistance Through Biotechnological Approaches 188References 20513 Crop Disease Management: Biological Management Strategies 22413.1 Evaluation of Biotic Agents for Biological Control Potential 22513.2 Evaluation of Abiotic Agents for Biological Control Potential 26213.3 Methods of Application of Formulated Products of Biological Control Agents 28313.4 Integration of Biological Control with Other Management Practices 289References 29014 Crop Disease Management: Chemical Application 30614.1 Application of Fungicides 30714.2 Application of Chemicals Against Bacterial Diseases 34114.3 Application of Chemicals Against Virus Diseases 348References 35115 Crop Disease Management: Integration of Strategies 36115.1 Development of Integrated Disease Management Systems 36115.2 Management of Fungal Diseases 36415.3 Management of Bacterial Diseases 36915.4 Management of Virus Diseases 373References 377Index 383

About the AuthorP. Narayanasamy, served in various capacities as Postdoctoral Research Fellow, International Rice Research Institute, Philippines, as Virus Pathologist at the Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi and as Professor and Head, at the Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, India.

• Preface xvAcknowledgement xviiVolume 1 Pathogen Detection and Identification 11 Introduction 31.1 Concepts and Implications of Pathogen Infection of Seeds and Propagules 31.2 Economic Importance of Seed] and Propagule]Borne Microbial Pathogens 41.3 Nature of Seed] and Propagule]Borne Microbial Pathogens 61.4 Development of Crop Disease Management Systems 8References 92 Detection and Identification of Fungal Pathogens 122.1 Detection and Differentiation of Fungal Pathogens in Seeds 122.2 Detection and Differentiation of Fungal Pathogens in Propagules 862.3 Appendix 104References 1123 Biology of Fungal Pathogens 1343.1 Biological Characteristics 1353.2 Physiological Characteristics of Fungal Pathogens 1443.3 Genotypic Characteristics of Fungal Pathogens 1473.4 Influence of Storage Conditions 1653.5 Appendix 166References 1664 Process of Infection by Fungal Pathogens 1744.1 Invasion Paths of Seedborne Fungal Pathogens 1744.2 Invasion Paths of Propagule]Borne Fungal Pathogens 207References 2105 Detection and Identification of Bacterial and Phytoplasmal Pathogens 2205.1 Detection and Identification of Bacterial Pathogens 2205.2 Detection of Bacterial Pathogens in Propagules 2735.3 Detection of Phytoplasmal Pathogens 3265.4 Appendix 343References 3526 Biology and Infection Process of Bacterial and Phytoplasmal Pathogens 3756.1 Biology of Bacterial Pathogens 3756.2 Disease Cycles of Seedborne Bacterial Pathogens 3776.3 Disease Cycles of Propagule]Borne Bacterial Pathogens 4096.4 Biology of Phytoplasmal Pathogens 4296.5 Disease Cycles of Phytoplasmal Pathogens 4316.6 Appendix 437References 4377 Detection and Identification of Viruses and Viroids 4577.1 Detection of Viruses in Seeds 4577.2 Detection of Viruses in Propagules 4937.3 Detection of Viroids in Seeds 5727.4 Detection of Viroids in Propagules 5777.5 Appendix 590References 5948 Biology and Infection Process of Viruses and Viroids 6198.1 Characteristics of Plant Viruses 6198.2 Biological Properties of Viruses 6208.3 Infection Process of Plant Viruses 6328.4 Characteristics of Viroids 6468.5 Infection Process of Viroids 651References 656Index 669Volume 2 Epidemiology and Management of Crop Diseases 19 Epidemiology of Seed] and Propagule]Borne Diseases 39.1 Epidemiology of Fungal Diseases 49.2 Epidemiology of Bacterial Diseases 279.3 Epidemioloy of Virus Diseases 37References 4210 Crop Disease Management: Exclusion of Pathogens 5210.1 Health Status of Seeds and Propagules 5210.2 Plant Quarantines for Preventing Entry of Microbial Pathogens 6310.3 Production of Disease]Free Seeds and Propagules 7210.4 Appendix 89References 9111 Crop Disease Management: Reduction of Pathogen Inoculum 10011.1 Reduction of Pathogen Inoculum by Cultural Practices 10011.2 Reduction of Pathogen Inoculum by Physical Techniques 12311.3 Reduction of Pathogen Inoculum by Chemical Techniques 132References 13312 Crop Disease Management: Enhancement of Genetic Resistance of Crop Plants 14212.1 Types of Disease Resistance 14212.2 Identfication of Sources of Resistance to Crop Diseases 14512.3 Improvement of Disease Resistance Through Biotechnological Approaches 188References 20513 Crop Disease Management: Biological Management Strategies 22413.1 Evaluation of Biotic Agents for Biological Control Potential 22513.2 Evaluation of Abiotic Agents for Biological Control Potential 26213.3 Methods of Application of Formulated Products of Biological Control Agents 28313.4 Integration of Biological Control with Other Management Practices 289References 29014 Crop Disease Management: Chemical Application 30614.1 Application of Fungicides 30714.2 Application of Chemicals Against Bacterial Diseases 34114.3 Application of Chemicals Against Virus Diseases 348References 35115 Crop Disease Management: Integration of Strategies 36115.1 Development of Integrated Disease Management Systems 36115.2 Management of Fungal Diseases 36415.3 Management of Bacterial Diseases 36915.4 Management of Virus Diseases 373References 377Index 383

About the AuthorP. Narayanasamy, served in various capacities as Postdoctoral Research Fellow, International Rice Research Institute, Philippines, as Virus Pathologist at the Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi and as Professor and Head, at the Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, India.

• Preface xvAcknowledgement xviiVolume 1 Pathogen Detection and Identification 11 Introduction 31.1 Concepts and Implications of Pathogen Infection of Seeds and Propagules 31.2 Economic Importance of Seed] and Propagule]Borne Microbial Pathogens 41.3 Nature of Seed] and Propagule]Borne Microbial Pathogens 61.4 Development of Crop Disease Management Systems 8References 92 Detection and Identification of Fungal Pathogens 122.1 Detection and Differentiation of Fungal Pathogens in Seeds 122.2 Detection and Differentiation of Fungal Pathogens in Propagules 862.3 Appendix 104References 1123 Biology of Fungal Pathogens 1343.1 Biological Characteristics 1353.2 Physiological Characteristics of Fungal Pathogens 1443.3 Genotypic Characteristics of Fungal Pathogens 1473.4 Influence of Storage Conditions 1653.5 Appendix 166References 1664 Process of Infection by Fungal Pathogens 1744.1 Invasion Paths of Seedborne Fungal Pathogens 1744.2 Invasion Paths of Propagule]Borne Fungal Pathogens 207References 2105 Detection and Identification of Bacterial and Phytoplasmal Pathogens 2205.1 Detection and Identification of Bacterial Pathogens 2205.2 Detection of Bacterial Pathogens in Propagules 2735.3 Detection of Phytoplasmal Pathogens 3265.4 Appendix 343References 3526 Biology and Infection Process of Bacterial and Phytoplasmal Pathogens 3756.1 Biology of Bacterial Pathogens 3756.2 Disease Cycles of Seedborne Bacterial Pathogens 3776.3 Disease Cycles of Propagule]Borne Bacterial Pathogens 4096.4 Biology of Phytoplasmal Pathogens 4296.5 Disease Cycles of Phytoplasmal Pathogens 4316.6 Appendix 437References 4377 Detection and Identification of Viruses and Viroids 4577.1 Detection of Viruses in Seeds 4577.2 Detection of Viruses in Propagules 4937.3 Detection of Viroids in Seeds 5727.4 Detection of Viroids in Propagules 5777.5 Appendix 590References 5948 Biology and Infection Process of Viruses and Viroids 6198.1 Characteristics of Plant Viruses 6198.2 Biological Properties of Viruses 6208.3 Infection Process of Plant Viruses 6328.4 Characteristics of Viroids 6468.5 Infection Process of Viroids 651References 656Index 669Volume 2 Epidemiology and Management of Crop Diseases 19 Epidemiology of Seed] and Propagule]Borne Diseases 39.1 Epidemiology of Fungal Diseases 49.2 Epidemiology of Bacterial Diseases 279.3 Epidemioloy of Virus Diseases 37References 4210 Crop Disease Management: Exclusion of Pathogens 5210.1 Health Status of Seeds and Propagules 5210.2 Plant Quarantines for Preventing Entry of Microbial Pathogens 6310.3 Production of Disease]Free Seeds and Propagules 7210.4 Appendix 89References 9111 Crop Disease Management: Reduction of Pathogen Inoculum 10011.1 Reduction of Pathogen Inoculum by Cultural Practices 10011.2 Reduction of Pathogen Inoculum by Physical Techniques 12311.3 Reduction of Pathogen Inoculum by Chemical Techniques 132References 13312 Crop Disease Management: Enhancement of Genetic Resistance of Crop Plants 14212.1 Types of Disease Resistance 14212.2 Identfication of Sources of Resistance to Crop Diseases 14512.3 Improvement of Disease Resistance Through Biotechnological Approaches 188References 20513 Crop Disease Management: Biological Management Strategies 22413.1 Evaluation of Biotic Agents for Biological Control Potential 22513.2 Evaluation of Abiotic Agents for Biological Control Potential 26213.3 Methods of Application of Formulated Products of Biological Control Agents 28313.4 Integration of Biological Control with Other Management Practices 289References 29014 Crop Disease Management: Chemical Application 30614.1 Application of Fungicides 30714.2 Application of Chemicals Against Bacterial Diseases 34114.3 Application of Chemicals Against Virus Diseases 348References 35115 Crop Disease Management: Integration of Strategies 36115.1 Development of Integrated Disease Management Systems 36115.2 Management of Fungal Diseases 36415.3 Management of Bacterial Diseases 36915.4 Management of Virus Diseases 373References 377Index 383