Due to new technological progress in the development of ion sources and accelerators interesting kinds of beams are now available. They open new fields for materials research with ion beams. The present status and future possibilities of these research activities are described by experts in this field in the form of review articles. The papers presented in the book focus on very different aspects ranging from the field of truly applied research to the field of fundamental atomic research investigating interaction mechanisms of slow, highly charged particles with surfaces. The book is intended to provide a source of information about recent developments in basic research for the physicist about the status of the input of their work into applied materials science. In addition, other well established techiques, such as Rutherford backscattering analysis and their use in materials research such as of HTC are described. The reader of this book should benefit from its broader view over the various methods of materials research with ion beams.