Manual of Childhood Infections

Professor Penelope Bryant (MA BM BCh MRCP MRCPCH FRACP PhD) is a paediatric infectious diseases physician who trained in Oxford and London, UK, and now practises in Infectious Diseases and Hospital-in-the-Home at The Royal Children's Hospital Melbourne, Australia. She did a PhD at the University of Melbourne, and combines research interests there and at the Murdoch Children's Research Institute, in improving antibiotic use in children, preventing antimicrobial resistance and impacting both by managing children out of hospital. A/Prof Bryant has led multicentre randomised trials and impacted paediatric clinical care nationally and internationally. She has won awards for her pioneering work in Hospital-in-the-Home and mentorship of junior researchers.Professor Mark Cotton (MB ChB; M.Med (Paed) FCPaed (SA) PhD DCH (SA) DTM&H) is an emeritus professor at Stellenbosch University. He trained in Paediatric Infectious Diseases in Denver, CO between 1991 and 1994. He established and led the Family Centre for Research with Ubuntu (FAMCRU) between 2001 and 2021 for clinical trials. He conducted several pivotal paediatric clinical trials, including antiretroviral strategy and isoniazid prophylaxis. He has had leadership positions in WSPID since 2013. He is editor-in-chief of the Southern African Journal of Infectious Diseases and has published over 400 papers.

• Section 1 - Antimicrobial treatment of infections 1: Shalom Ben-Shimol, Ron Dagan Julie Copelyn: Antibacterials 2: Gary Reubenson, Patricia Saltigeral: Antivirals 3: Charalampos Antachopoulos, Joseph Meletiadis: Antifungals 4: Roland van Rensburg: Antiparasitics 5: Andrew Whitelaw, Phoebe Williams, Shirani Chandrasiri, Solomie Deribessa: Antimicrobial resistance 6: Theo Zaoutis, Penelope Bryant, Solomie Deribessa: Antimicrobial stewardship 7: Devika Dixit, Kaman Cheung, Bello Oluwaseun, Penelope Bryant: Optimising antimicrobials for children Section 2 - Prevention of infections 8: Nicolette du Plessis, Beckie Tagbo, Adaobi Bisi-Onyemachi, Dr Azubuike Nwako: Childhood immunisations 9: Charles Wiysonge, Margie Danchin, Jessica Kaufman, Aisha Muhammad Jibril: Vaccine hesitancy 10: Brian Eley, Denisse Vaquera: Immunisation in immuncompromised children 11: Angela Dramowski, Louisa Erasmus, Spyros Karageorgos: Infection prevention and control in hospital & community 12: Shamez Ladhani, Phoebe Williams, Nilushi de Silva: Emerging infections and pandemic preparedness 13: Emma Goeman, Meryta May, Mohammad Issack, Dimitri van der Linden, Olivier Van den Berg, Marie Hallin, Michelle Sam: Laboratory diagnosis of infection Section 3 - Infections in particular groups 14: Saurav Basu, Adolfine Hokororo, Indi Trehan, Aashima Dabas, Raul Copana: Approach to infection management in resource-limited settings 15: Sithembiso C. Velaphi, Paul Heath, Stefania Vergnano, Reenu Thomas, Khuen Ng: Neonatal infections 16: Thomas Lehrnbecher, Gabrielle Haeusler, Sam Bannister, Laila Al Yazidi: Immunocompromised children 17: Mutsa Bakwura-Darangembizi, Raul Copana, Eduardo Suarez: Infections in malnourished children 18: Koen Vanden Driessche: Children with cystic fibrosis/bronchiectasis 19: Andrew Riordan, Matthew Ellis, Jane Wilson Howarth, Tanya Rogo, WIll Wong: Children visiting and arriving from other countries to high income settings 20: Paula Vaz, David Elliman: Children who are refugees or in disasters in resource-limited settings Section 4 - Clinical infection presentations Broad presentation 21: Marieke Emonts, Elisabetta Ghimenton: Sepsis 22: Tom Wolfs, Lieke de Vankrijker: Toxic shock syndrome 23: Angela Dramowski,Khalfan Alabdali: Central-line-associated bloodstream infection 24: Nicole van de Kar, Kioa Wijnsma: Haemolytic uraemic syndrome 25: Gill Sorour, Suvaporn Anugulruengkitt, Usa Thisyakorn: Rash 26: Anita Modi, Pui-Ying Iroh Tam: Pyrexia of unknown origin 27: Athimalaipet Ramanan, Marion Roderick, Praisoody Sinnappurajar: Periodic fever 28: Asha Bowen, Liesl Zuhlke, Hazel Dobinson: Rheumatic fever 29: Dave Burgner, Linny Phuong: Kawasaki disease 30: Kirsty Le Doare, Andres Alarcon: Congenital infection 31: Austen Worth, Paul Torpiano: Recurrent or unusual infections 32: Ian Maconochie, Stephen Novak, Ayobami Oyetunji Alabi: Animal bites, burns and trauma infections 33: Shaun Barnabas: Post-infectious chronic fatigue syndrome Organ-specific presentation 34: Andrew Pollard, Manish Sadarangani: Meningitis 35: Philip Britton, Mike Starr: Encephalitis & myelitis 36: Tinsae Alemayehu, Paola Villaneuva, Kelly Márquez Herrera: Brain abscess/empyema/VP shunt infection 37: Parvathi Kumar, Andres Alacorn: Conjunctivitis 38: Derrick Smit, David Meyer: Ocular infections 39: James Loock, Marc Merven, Shaun Adam; Kathryne Wright, Rachel Blokland, Helen Muirhead, Siobhan Oelofsen, Ann Thomas: Ear and mastoid infection 40: Jolanta Bernatoniene, Hayley King: Lymphadenopathy 41: Ulrich Heininger, Finn Ryan: Upper respiratory tract infection 42: Lilly Verhagen, Adegoke Falade: Lower respiratory tract infection 43: John Lawrenson, Barend Fourie: Cardiac infections - endocarditis/myocarditis/pericarditis 44: Jim Buttery, Miguel O'Ryan, Rachael Purcell: Gastroenteritis 45: Helena Rabie, Penelope Rose: Intra-abdominal infection/Peritonitis (including liver abscess) 46: Roberto Santos, Annaleise Howard-Jones, Penelope Bryant: Urinary tract infection 47: Theresa Barton, Katja Doerholt, Noppadol Wacharachaisurapol: Sexually-transmitted infection 48: Saul Faust, Daniel Jarovsky: Bone and joint infection 49: Cilian O Maoldomhnaigh, Laila Ibrahim, Penelope Bryant: Skin and soft tissue infection 50: David Foley, Phillipa Edmiston: Surgical site infections Section 5 - Specific pathogens or groups of pathogens 51: Nicola Principi, Susanna: Adenovirus 52: Frank Zhang, Robyn Slicock: Amoebiasis 53: Ming Chen, Celia Cooper: Anaerobic infections 54: Phillip Britton, David Pham, Laila Al-Yazidi: Arthropod-borne viruses 55: Dan Yeoh, Brendan McMullan, Michael-John Fay: Aspergillosis and other moulds 56: Nicola Principi, Susanna Esposito, Marta Palusi?ska-Szysz, Bo?ena Kowalczyk, Annemarie van Rossum, Patrick M. Meyer Sauteur: Atypical pneumonia (Mycoplasma, Chlamydia and Legionella) 57: Robert Cunney: Botulism 58: Julia Kenny, Hanna Schmid: Brucellosis 59: Nikos Spyridis: Campylobacter 60: Emmanuel Roilides, Paraskevi Panagopoulou: Candidiasis 61: Theresa Barton: Cat scratch disease 62: Parvathi Kumar: Cholera 63: Abiel Mascareñas, Ivan Castillo: Clostridioides difficile 64: Marieke van der Zalm, Devika Dixit, Bello Oluwaseun, Watsamon Jantarabenjakul, Usa Thisyakorn: COVID-19 65: Brendan McMullan, Dan Yeoh: Cryptococcosis 66: Mary Slatter, Liam Reilly: Cryptosporidiosis 67: Ahmed Amina, Dantuluri Keerti: Cytomegalovirus 68: Usa Thysakorn, Nattachai Srisawat, Julie Huynh: Dengue 69: Rick Malley, Mo Archary: Diphtheria 70: Ben Marais, Maidhili Chinnappan, Annaliese Howard-Jones: Ebola and other haemorrhagic fevers 71: Adam Irwin, Pintip Suchartlikitwong: Enterobacterales and gram-negative infections 72: Rogier van Doorn, Piia Jõgi: Enteroviruses and parechovirus 73: Eda Tamm: Epstein-Barr virus 74: Indi Trehan, D. Taylor Hendrixson: Giardiasis 75: Shamez Ladhani: Haemophilus influenzae 76: Alfredo Guarino, Andrea Lo Vecchio: Helicobacter pylori 77: Tinsae Alemayehu, Adam Bartlett, Denisse Vaquera Aparicio, Hazel Dobinson: Helminthiasis: cestodes (tapeworms) 78: Denisse Vaquera Aparicio, Tinsae Alemayehu, Adam Bartlett, Hazel Dobinson: Helminthiasis: soil-borne intestinal nematodes (worms) 79: Adam Bartlett, Tinsae Alemayehu, Denisse Vaquera Aparicio, Deborah Palacios, Abiel Homero Mascareñas de Los Santos, José Iván Castillo Bejarano, Hazel Dobinson: Helminthiasis: trematodes and tissue nematodes (flukes & filaria) 80: Shamez Ladhani, Simon Drysdale: Hepatitis A & E 81: Maya Wositzky, Nan Vasilunas: Hepatitis B 82: Claudia Espinosa: Hepatitis C 83: Kirsty Le Doare, Konstantinos Karampatsas, Hannah Davies, Lauren Hookham: Herpes simplex 84: Adilia Warris: Histoplasmosis, coccidiomycosis & paracoccidiomycosis 85: Lisa Frigati, Theresa Barton, Thanyawee Puthanakit, Usa Thisyakorn: HIV 86: T Ronan Leahy: Human herpes virus 6 and 7 87: Terho Heikkinen, Santtu Heinonen: Influenza and parainfluenza 88: Raul Romero C., Rodrigo Romero, Shalom Ben-Shimol: Leishmaniasis 89: Phoebe Williams, Adam Bartlett, Julie Huynh, Dr Leny Kartina, Dr Riyadi Adrizain: Leprosy/pinta/yaws 90: Cecilia Maramba-Lazarte: Leptospirosis 91: Mo Archary, Andres Alacorn: Listeriosis 92: Petra Zimmerman: Lyme disease and other Borrelia infections 93: Joycelyn Dame, Watcharee Chokejindachai, Shamez Ladhani: Malaria 94: Vana Papaevangelou: Measles 95: Josh Francis, Nerida Moore: Melioidosis 96: Michiel van der Flier, Olubukola Idoko, Noor Parker: Meningococcal infection 97: Roberto Santos, Mitchell Hobbs: Mumps & parotitis 98: Philipp Henneke, Anne Loesslein: Non-tuberculous mycobacterial infection 99: Irina Bercholc: Parvovirus B19 100: Ulrich Heininger, Pui-Ying Iroh Tam: Pertussis 101: Aspasia Katragkou: Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia 102: Julie Copelyn: Poliomyelitis 103: Jolanta Bernatoniene: Poxviruses 104: Clare Nourse, Eilish Moore: Q fever 105: Lucille Blumberg, Terapong Tantawichien, Usa Thisyakorn, Petra Zimmerman, Jacqueline Weyer: Rabies 106: Irina Bercholc, Pui-Ying Iroh Tam: Respiratory syncytial virus 107: Hsin Chi, Wai Tim, NC Chiu: Rickettsial infections 108: Suvaporn Anugulruengkitt, Usa Thisyakorn: Rubella 109: Jolanta Bernatoniene: Salmonellosis 110: Marc Tebruegge, Florian Goetzinger: Scabies and head lice 111: Karyn Moshal: Schistosomiasis 112: Julie Huynh, Duy Duong: Shigellosis 113: Anita Campbell: Staphylococcal infection 114: Asha Bowen, Philipp Henneke: Streptococcal infection - group A streptococcus 115: Phoebe Williams, Nikos Spyridis: Streptococcal infection - group B streptococcus 116: David Moore, Liset Olarte: Streptococcal infection - pneumococcus 117: Shalom Ben-Shimol: Syphillis 118: Amha Mekasha: Tetanus 119: Ulrich Heininger, Herwig Kollaritsch, Theresa Barton: Tick-borne infections 120: Julie Huynh, Abhinav Rajkumar: Tinea capitis, corporis, pedis 121: Theresa Barton: Toxocariasis 122: Roberto Santos, Claudia Vicetti Miguel: Toxoplasmosis 123: Raul Copana, Faustino Torrico, Raul Romero F., Marisol Cordova Rojas: Trypanosomiasis (African and American) 124: Harsha Lochan, James Seddon, Nicolette du Plessis, Julie Huynh, Ye jin Kang: Tuberculosis 125: Christopher Parry: Typhoid and paratyphoid 126: Kirsty Le Doare, Konstantinos Karampatsas, Hannah Davies, Lauren Hookham: Varicella 127: Olubukola Idoko, Daniel Jarovsky: Yellow fever 128: Mary Slack: Yersinia infections including plague 129: Auchara Tangsathapornpong, Usa Thisyakorn, Ivan Castillo: Zika 130: John Frean, Helena Rabie, Juanita Lishman, Bernard Onoja: Zoonoses Appendices Antibiotic duration guideline WHO antibiotic access list HIV PEP List of notifiable diseases