Law of Estoppel

Michael Barnes KC is a barrister at Wilberforce Chambers, London.

• 1. Introduction(A) The Legal and Moral Basis of Estoppel (B) The Forms of Estoppel and the Doctrine of Election (C) The Nature and Characteristics of Estoppel (D) General Factors Common to Estoppels (E) General Questions of Principle Regarding Estoppel (F) Terminology (G) The Historical Basis of Estoppel (H) The Structure of the Book 2. General Questions Relating to Estoppel (A) Introduction (B) Sword or Shield(C) Evidence or Substantive Law (D) Public Law (E) Estoppel and Jurisdiction (F) Estoppel: Conflict with Statutory Provisions and Other Rules of Law (G) A Uniform Doctrine (H) Waiver (I) Estoppel and Third Parties 3. Estoppel by Representation (A) Introduction (B) The Essential Elements of the Estoppel (C) The Representation (D) The Intention of the Representor (E) Injustice or Unconscionability: Its Components of Reliance and Detriment (F) The Effect of the Estoppel (G) Contractual Estoppel 4. Estoppel by Deed (A) Introduction (B) Deeds (C) The First Aspect of Estoppel by Deed: Its Essential Requirements (D) The Second Aspect of Estoppel by Deed: Interests in Land Created(E) Summary 5. Estoppel by Convention (A) The Nature and Basis of the Estoppel (B) The Development of the Estoppel (C) The Main Elements of the Estoppel (D) The First Element: Assumed State of Fact or Law(E) The Second Element: A Shared Assumption (F) The Third Element: Injustice or Unconscionability (G) The Effect of the Estoppel (H) Summary 6. Promissory Estoppel (A) The Principle and its Development (B) The Essential Elements of the Estoppel (C) The Place of Promissory Estoppel in the Law (D) Permanent or Suspensory Effect (E) A Clear Promise (F) Rights under an Existing Transaction (G) Injustice or Unconscionability(H) Summary 7. Proprietary Estoppel (A) Introduction (B) The Nature and Status of the Principle (C) The Essential Elements of the Estoppel (D) The First Element: The Assurance (E) The Second Element: Reliance (F) The Third Element: Detriment (G) The Fourth Element: Unconscionability (H) Property Other Than Land (I) Form of Relief or Remedy (J) Summary 8. Election (A) Introduction (B) Equitable Election (C) Common Law Election(D) Summary 9. Estoppel by Record (A) Introduction (B) Judgments (C) Cause of Action Estoppel (D) Issue Estoppel (E) Parties and Privies (F) Particular Areas of Law (G) Courts and Tribunals (H) Foreign Judgments (I) Exceptions (J) The Rule in Henderson v Henderson (K) Summary

A bottle of champagne to the first member of the FLBA who is reported as getting relief in respect of pension rights arising by way of proprietary estoppel. Any such hopeful advocate would do well to invest in a copy of Michael Barnes QC’s excellent book.