Law-Making and Legitimacy in International Humanitarian Law

Edited by Heike Krieger, Professor of Public and International Law, Freie Universität Berlin, Chair Berlin Potsdam Research Group ‘The International Rule of Law- Rise or Decline?’, Germanywith Assistant Editor Jonas Püschmann, Research Fellow, Max Planck Institute for Comparative Public Law and International Law, Heidelberg, Germany

• Contents:Preface xiPART I INTRODUCTION1 Law-making and legitimacy in international humanitarian law 2Heike Krieger and Jonas PüschmannPART II LEGITIMACY AS ANALYTICAL LENS2 The roles of legitimacy in international legal discourses: Legitimizinglaw vs legalizing legitimacy 16Jean d’Aspremont3 The role of legitimacy in international humanitarian law: A comment 33Stefan Kadelbach4 Actor legitimacy and the application of IHL: A rejoinder to d’Aspremont 41Tom RuysPART III INFORMAL LAW-MAKING IN INTERNATIONALHUMANITARIAN LAW AS A POLITICAL CHOICE5 Global norms governing the protection of civilians, conflict, andweapons: Formal or informal law-making? 56Denise Garcia6 Post-international humanitarian law? A rejoinder to Denise Garcia 80Philip Liste7 Noncompliance as law-making 89Timothy MeyerPART IV NEW LAW THROUGH PRACTICE?8 Interpreting the Geneva Conventions: subsequent practice instead oftreaty amendments? A case study of ‘non-international armed conflicts’under Common Article 3 117Emily Crawford9 Legitimacy and methodology – a subtle yet significant influence:Judicial decisions and the development of international humanitarian law 141Shane Darcy10 The interpretation of IHL treaties: Subsequent practice and other salient issues 150Jean-Marie Henckaerts and Elvina Pothelet11 Methodological challenges in ascertaining customary internationalhumanitarian law: Can customary international law respond to changingcircumstances in warfare? 170Robert HeinschPART V COURTS AND MANUALS – DECOUPLING LAW-MAKINGFROM STATES?12 Judicial practice in international criminal law: Law-making in disguise? 196Thomas Rauter13 The law at hand: Paratext in manuals on international humanitarian law 217Wouter G. Werner14 International manuals in international humanitarian law: A rejoinder toWouter G. Werner 232Robin Geiß and Anni Pues15 Interpretation and identification of international humanitarian law:Responses of the International Law Commission 242Georg Nolte16 Manuals and courts: International humanitarian law, informallaw-making and normativity 253Dale StephensPART VI LEGITIMACY AND PARTICIPATION17 International humanitarian law-making in Latin America: Between theinternational community, humanity, and extreme violence 277Alejandro Rodiles18 Sovereign equality and law-making: how do states from the GlobalSouth shape international humanitarian law? An African perspective 300Balingene Kahombo19 Sovereign equality and law-making: how do states from the GlobalSouth shape international humanitarian law? A comment to AlejandroRodiles and Balingene Kahombo 324Michael Bothe20 Between war and peace: Negotiating and implementing legitimateceasefire agreements 335Cindy Wittke21 Law-making participation by non-state armed groups: The prerequisiteof law’s legitimacy? 357Hyeran Jo22 Non-state armed groups and international humanitarian law-making –the challenge of legitimacy: A reply to Cindy Wittke and Hyeran Jo 375Cedric RyngaertPART VII LEGITIMACY AND NORM ENTREPRENEURS23 The impact of human rights advocacy: Between (mis)stating the lawand pursuing humanitarian policies? 385Robert Cryer24 From the Martens clause to the CNN factor: Is the impact of media andpublic opinion on law-making discernible? 404Daniel Joyce25 Media, public opinion and humanitarian advocacy 422William BoothbyPART VIII CONCLUSION26 A legitimacy crisis of international humanitarian law? 429Heike Krieger and Jonas Püschmann

‘Formally, states, and states alone, make and authoritatively interpret international humanitarian law. But this legalistic maxim hardly reflects the actual process by which IHL emerges and evolves. Law-Making and Legitimacy in International Humanitarian Law brings together general international law and humanitarian law experts to tease loose key aspects of this dynamic and assess their legitimacy. The first work to examine the foundational issue of IHL development critically and comprehensively, it is a must read for IHL scholars and practitioners.’