Roberta Arnold, PhD (Bern, hons), LLM (Nottingham), is an independent legal adviser specializing in international humanitarian law, international criminal law, military law, law of operations, and law on peacekeeping. She has served as legal adviser within the Swiss Department of Defense, Staff to the Chief of the Armed Forces, Section Laws of Armed Conflict and as research assistant of public international law and international criminal law at the University of Bern, Switzerland, under the supervision of Prof. Walter Kälin and Prof. G. Heine . She is a candidate military investigating magistrate, holding the rank of legal officer, within the Swiss Military Justice and she is the correspondent from Switzerland for the Review of the International Society of Military Law and the Laws of War. Her PhD on The ICC as a new instrument for the repression of terrorism, released by Brill in 2004, was awarded the Honorable Mention Prize by the Francis Lieber Society, a sub-group of ASIL, and the Walther-Hug Prize for being one of the best Swiss PhDs of the year.Noëlle N.R. Quénivet, Ph.D. (Essex), LLM (Nottingham). She is Senior Lecturer at the University of the West of England. She has published several articles relating to international humanitarian law and the use of force as well as authored Sexual Offences in Armed Conflict and International Law (Transnational Publishers, 2005), winner of the Francis Lieber Honorable Mention Award.