Robert S. Kramer is professor of History at St. Norbert College in Wisconsin, where he has taught courses on Africa and the Middle East since 1989. In 1986 and 1987 he conducted research in Sudan as a Fulbright Scholar and Social Science Research Council Fellow. He is the author of Holy City on the Nile: Omdurman During the Mahdiyya (2010), co-editor and co-author of the Historical Dictionary of the Sudan, 3rd edition (2002) and 4th edition (2013), and the author of numerous articles, book chapters, and book reviews on Sudan and the histories of Islam and Muslim societies in Africa. Ahmed Ibrahim Abushouk is professor of modern and contemporary history at Qatar University since 2012. Prior to this, he taught at the International Islamic University in Malaysia from 1999-2012. He has authored more than 25 books and 70 articles on the history of the Sudan and other subjects, including The Hadrami Diaspora in Southeast Asian: Identity Maintenance or Assimilation; Sudan: Power and Heritage; The Sudanese Revolution, 2018-2019: An Analytical and Documentary Approach of its Motives, Stages and Challenges; and The Historian Yusuf Fadl Hasan.

• Preface Abbreviations Chronology Introduction THE DICTIONARY Bibliography About the Author

Robert S. Kramer is professor of History at St. Norbert College in Wisconsin, where he has taught courses on Africa and the Middle East since 1989. In 1986 and 1987 he conducted research in Sudan as a Fulbright Scholar and Social Science Research Council Fellow. He is the author of Holy City on the Nile: Omdurman During the Mahdiyya (2010), co-editor and co-author of the Historical Dictionary of the Sudan, 3rd edition (2002) and 4th edition (2013), and the author of numerous articles, book chapters, and book reviews on Sudan and the histories of Islam and Muslim societies in Africa. Ahmed Ibrahim Abushouk is professor of modern and contemporary history at Qatar University since 2012. Prior to this, he taught at the International Islamic University in Malaysia from 1999-2012. He has authored more than 25 books and 70 articles on the history of the Sudan and other subjects, including The Hadrami Diaspora in Southeast Asian: Identity Maintenance or Assimilation; Sudan: Power and Heritage; The Sudanese Revolution, 2018-2019: An Analytical and Documentary Approach of its Motives, Stages and Challenges; and The Historian Yusuf Fadl Hasan.

• Preface Abbreviations Chronology Introduction THE DICTIONARY Bibliography About the Author

Robert S. Kramer is professor of History at St. Norbert College in Wisconsin, where he has taught courses on Africa and the Middle East since 1989. In 1986 and 1987 he conducted research in Sudan as a Fulbright Scholar and Social Science Research Council Fellow. He is the author of Holy City on the Nile: Omdurman During the Mahdiyya (2010), co-editor and co-author of the Historical Dictionary of the Sudan, 3rd edition (2002) and 4th edition (2013), and the author of numerous articles, book chapters, and book reviews on Sudan and the histories of Islam and Muslim societies in Africa. Ahmed Ibrahim Abushouk is professor of modern and contemporary history at Qatar University since 2012. Prior to this, he taught at the International Islamic University in Malaysia from 1999-2012. He has authored more than 25 books and 70 articles on the history of the Sudan and other subjects, including The Hadrami Diaspora in Southeast Asian: Identity Maintenance or Assimilation; Sudan: Power and Heritage; The Sudanese Revolution, 2018-2019: An Analytical and Documentary Approach of its Motives, Stages and Challenges; and The Historian Yusuf Fadl Hasan.

• Preface Abbreviations Chronology Introduction THE DICTIONARY Bibliography About the Author