A critique of the argument from prophecy, showing how Gospel authors and Church Fathers manipulated biblical prophecy to show Jesus as their fulfillment.It's obvious that Jesus fulfilled prophecies about the promised Messiah - or so the gospels make it seem. But the real story is more complex, and more compelling. In hindsight we can see that Jesus had help fulfilling prophecy. The gospel writers skillfully manipulated prophecies - carefully lifting them out of context, creatively reinterpreting them, even rewriting them - to match what Jesus would do in fulfilling them. The evangelists also used the prophecies themselves to shape the very stories that show their fulfillment. This book describes in detail how Christian authors "helped" Jesus fulfill prophecy. Studies of Greek oracles, the Dead Sea Scrolls, translations of the Hebrew Scriptures into Greek and Aramaic, and the writings of Josephus explore the interpretive techniques that paved the way for the New Testament's manipulation of prophecy. This book analyzes how the belief that Jesus fulfilled prophecy became an argument to justify a new notion: the view that Christians had replaced Jews as God's chosen people. An aggressive anti-Judaism is analyzed in chapters on patristic theologians such as Justin Martyr and Augustine, who embedded it into the argument from prophecy. The book concludes with an ethical argument for why Christians should retire the argument from prophecy.
Robert J. Miller is Rosenberger Professor of Religious Studies and Christian Thought at Juniata College in Pennsylvania. He is the author of The Jesus Seminar and Its Critics (1999) and Born Divine (2003), and he is the editor of The Complete Gospels (4th ed., 2010).
PrefaceAcknowledgmentsAbbreviations and Short TitlesIntroductionPart 1: Prophecy, Prediction, and Fulfillment in Israel1 Prophecy and Prediction in Ancient Israel2 False Prophecies from True Prophets3 Fixing Failed Prophecies4 Prophecy as Mysterious Revelation: The Influence of Greece5 The Fulfillment of Prophecy in the Dead Sea Scrolls6 The Fulfillment of Prophecy in the Septuagint, the Targums, and JosephusPart 2: The Fulfillment of Prophecy in the New Testament7 The Fulfillment of Prophecy in the New Testament: Introduction8 The Fulfillment of Prophecy in the Gospel of Matthew9 The Fulfillment of Prophecy in the Gospel of Mark10 The Fulfillment of Prophecy in the Gospel of Luke and Acts of the Apostles11 The Fulfillment of Prophecy in the Gospel of John12 The Fulfillment of Prophecy in the Letters of Paul13 The Fulfillment of Prophecy in the Epistle to the HebrewsPart 3: The Argument from Prophecy in Patristic Thought14 Justin Martyr and the Argument from Prophecy15 Between Justin and Augustine16 Augustine and the Argument from ProphecyPart 4: Modern Reckoning with the Argument from Prophecy17 Modern Christian Thought and the Fulfillment of Prophecy18 Reckoning with the Argument from ProphecyAppendix 1: Muhammad in the Bible?Appendix 2: Adam and EdomTranslations of Ancient SourcesBibliographyAncient Texts Quoted
The fulfillment of prophecy has never been given its proper due by the critical scholar. Miller corrects that deficit with this compelling treatment of the claims of early (and modern) Christians about how Jesus fulfilled ancient Jewish prophecies. ... It is a meticulous, clear-eyed study that finally says what needed to be said.