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In 2000, various UN organizations launched a collaborative effort to assess the vulnerability of groundwater in several African cities. The project addressed the issue of aquifer vulnerability and the protection of groundwater quality. This book is a collection of thirty peer-reviewed papers on the topic, and provides a glimpse of the situation across the continent. The book begins with a broad overview of the situation in Africa, highlighting topics of special significance to the continent and presenting a variety of country perspectives. The subsequent papers provide specific case studies, introducing a range of diverse hydrogeological settings, with associated pollution sources, their causes and consequences. Methodologies for understanding impacts and for improving the situation are considered, with a view to the challenges ahead. The book will provide valuable reference and insight to professionals and decision-makers confronted with a wide diversity of challenges, including groundwater quality management in areas of rapid urbanisation in Africa and other developing areas.
Department of Earth Sciences, University of Western Cape, Bellville, South Africa Institute for Groundwater Studies, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, South Africa
Introduction:Issues of groundwater pollution in AfricaOverview:Nitrate pollution of groundwater in Southern Africa; Nitrate pollution of groundwater in Nigeria; Groundwater quality in Cameroon and its vulnerability to pollution; Groundwater contamination in Ghana; Characterization of diffuse pollution of shallow groundwater in the Harare urban area, Zimbabwe; Groundwater contamination from pesticides in Africa; Degradation of groundwater resources under African cities Technical and socio-economic challengesGroundwater Pollution Status and Aquifer Vulnerability:A new cartographic approach to determine the groundwater vulnerability of the Abidjan Aquifer; Vulnerability assessment of the Abidjan Quaternary Aquifer using the DRASTIC method; Groundwater pollution from urban development in Cotonou City, Benin; Assessment of water pollution and risks to surface and groundwater resources in Bamako, Mali; Statistical assessment of groundwater quality in Bamako City, Mali; Spatial and temporal variations of groundwater pollution in Ougadougou City, Burkina Faso; Groundwater contamination in the Niamey urban area, Niger;Management of nitrate pollution of groundwater in African cities: The case of Dakar, Senegal; The application of electrical resistivity techniques in the delineation of saltwater-freshwater in the Keta Basin, Ghana; Degree of groundwater vulnerability to pollution in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Vulnerability and pollution of groundwater in Kisauni, Mombasa, Kenya; A chemical study of surface and groundwater in the Lake Chilwa Basin, Malawi; Groundwater quality assessments in the John Laing and Misisi areas of Lusaka; Groundwater quality case studies in Botswana; Contamination and protection in the Cape Flats Aquifer, South Africa; An evaluation of groundwater pollution from pesticides in South Africa using the VLEACH model.Special Topics: Contamination of the Abidjan aquifer by sewage: An assessment of extent and strategies for protection; The impacts of coal and gold mining on the associated water resources in South Africa; Monitored natural attenuation of petroleum hydrocarbons in a fractured environment – A case study; Management strategies to mitigate clogging and biofouling in production boreholesWay Forward:A South African perspective on the protection of groundwater sources