General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry

Kenneth W. Raymond is the author of General Organic and Biological Chemistry: An Integrated Approach, 4th Edition, published by Wiley.

• chapter 1 Science and Measurements 11.1 The Scientific Method 2HealthLink Science and Medicine51.2 Matter and Energy 51.3 Units of Measurement 91.4 Scientific Notation, SI and Metric Prefixes 131.5 Measurements and Significant Figures 15HealthLink Body Mass Index 18HealthLink Body Temperature 211.6 Conversion Factors and the Factor Label Method 221.7 Density, Specific Gravity, and Specific Heat 25HealthLink Making Weight 281.8 Measurements in General Chemistry,Organic Chemistry, and Biochemistry 29chapter 2 A toms and Elements 422.1 Atoms 442.2 Elements 462.3 Trace Elements 482.4 Atomic Number and Mass Number 51HealthLink Stable Isotopes and Drug Testing 532.5 Periodic Table 54HealthLink Lead 582.6 The Mole 592.7 The Arrangement of Electrons 62BiochemistryLink Bioluminescence 672.8 Radioactive Isotopes 682.9 Radioisotopes in Medicine 71HealthLink Radioisotopes for Sale 79HealthLink CT and MRI Imaging 79chapter 3 Compounds 883.1 Ions 903.2 The Octet Rule 93BiochemistryLink Ionophores and Biological Ion Transport 953.3 Ionic Compounds 96HealthLink Pass the Salt, Please 1003.4 Covalent Bonds 1013.5 Molecules 103HealthLink Dental Fillings 1053.6 Formula Weight, Molecular Weight,and Molar Mass 105HealthLink Nitric Oxide 108chapter 4 An Introduct ion to Organic Compounds 1164.1 Structural Formulas 1184.2 Polar Covalent Bonds, Shape, and Polarity 123HealthLink Prion Diseases 1284.3 Noncovalent Interactions 1304.4 Families of Organic Compounds 132BiochemistryLink Ethylene, a Plant Hormone 134HealthLink Sunscreens 139chapter 5 Reactions 1505.1 Chemical Equations 1525.2 Reaction Types 1565.3 Reactions Involving Water 1585.4 Oxidation and Reduction 161HealthLink Antiseptics and Oxidation 1665.5 Mole and Mass Relationships in Reactions 1675.6 Calculating the Yield of a Reaction 1715.7 Free Energy and Reaction Rate 174HealthLink Carbonic Anhydrase 177chapter 6 Gases, Solutions,Colloids, and Suspensions 1906.1 Gases and Pressure 192HealthLink Blood Pressure 1966.2 The Gas Laws 1976.3 Partial Pressure 202HealthLink Breathing 2036.4 Solutions 2046.5 Precipitation Reactions 2076.6 Solubility of Gases in Water 2096.7 Organic and Biochemical Compounds 212HealthLink Prodrugs 2156.8 Concentration 2166.9 Dilution 2216.10 Colloids and Suspensions 222HealthLink Saliva 2246.11 Diffusion and Osmosis 225HealthLink Diffusion and the Kidneys 227chapter 7 Acids, Bases, and Equilibrium 2387.1 Acids and Bases 2407.2 Brønsted–Lowry Acids and Bases 2417.3 Equilibrium 2437.4 Le Châtelier’s Principle 246BiochemistryLink Diving Mammals, Oxygen, and Myoglobin 2497.5 Ionization of Water 2507.6 The pH Scale 2517.7 Acid and Base Strength 254BiochemistryLink Plants as pH Indicators 2577.8 Neutralizing Acids and Bases 2577.9 Effect of pH on Acid and Conjugate Base Concentrations 2597.10 Buffers 261BiochemistryLink The Henderson–Hasselbalch Equation 2627.11 Maintaining the pH of Blood Serum 263chapter 8 Organic Reactions 1—Hydrocarbons,Carboxylic Acids,Amines, and Related Compounds 2768.1 Alkanes 2788.2 Constitutional Isomers 2828.3 Conformations 2848.4 Cycloalkanes 2858.5 Alkenes, Alkynes, and Aromatic Compounds 2878.6 Reactions of Hydrocarbons 2918.7 Carboxylic Acids 2978.8 Phenols 299HealthLink A Chili Pepper Painkiller 3008.9 Carboxylic Acids and Phenols as Weak Organic Acids 3018.10 Preparing Esters 304HealthLink Alpha Hydroxy Acids 3068.11 Amines 307HealthLink Adrenaline and Related Compounds 3108.12 Amines as Weak Organic Bases 3118.13 Amides 313HealthLink Biofilms 315BiochemistryLink A Cure for Fleas 316chapter 9 Organic Reactions 2—Alcohols, Ethers, Aldehydes, and Ketones 3349.1 Alcohols, Ethers, and Related Compounds 3369.2 Preparation 3399.3 Reactions 3419.4 Aldehydes and Ketones 3449.5 Oxidation of Aldehydes 347HealthLink Aldehyde Dehydrogenase 3499.6 Reduction of Aldehydes and Ketones 349HealthLink Protective Enzymes 3519.7 Reactions of Alcohols with Aldehydes and Ketones 352HealthLink Drugs in the Environment 354chapter 10 Carbohydrates 37010.1 Monosaccharides 37210.2 Stereoisomers 37410.3 Important Monosaccharides and Monosaccharide Derivatives 38110.4 Reactions of Monosaccharides 38410.5 Monosaccharides in Their Cyclic Form 38610.6 Oligosaccharides 390HealthLink Natural and Artificial Sweeteners 397HealthLink Stevia 40010.7 Polysaccharides 401chapter 11 Lipids and Membranes 42011.1 Fatty Acids 422HealthLink Omega-3 Fatty Acids 42611.2 Waxes 42711.3 Triglycerides 429HealthLink Trans Fats 435HealthLink Olestra 43611.4 Phospholipids and Glycolipids 43711.5 Steroids 441HealthLink Anabolic Steroids 44511.6 Eicosanoids 44511.7 Membranes 447chapter 12 Peptides, Proteins, and Enzymes 45812.1 Amino Acids 46012.2 The Peptide Bond 46412.3 Peptides, Proteins, and pH 46812.4 Protein Structure 469BiochemistryLink Hemoglobin, a Globular Protein, and Collagen, a Fibrous Protein 475HealthLink Immunotherapy 47612.5 Denaturation 47712.6 Enzymes 47812.7 Control of Enzyme-Catalyzed Reactions 482HealthLink Tamiflu and Relenza as Enzyme Inhibitors 486HealthLink Proteins in Medicine 489chapter 13 Nucleic Acids 49813.1 Nucleic Acid Building Blocks 50013.2 Nucleoside Di- and Triphosphates, Cyclic Nucleotides 50513.3 Polynucleotides 50613.4 DNA Structure 50913.5 Denaturation 51213.6 Nucleic Acids and Information Flow 51413.7 DNA Replication 51513.8 Transcription and RNA 517HealthLink Lupus 51913.9 Translation 52013.10 Control of Gene Expression 522HealthLink RNA Interference 52413.11 Mutation 52413.12 Recombinant DNA 525BiochemistryLink Glowing Cats 52813.13 DNA Fingerprinting 529chapter 14 Metabolism 54014.1 Metabolic Pathways, Energy, and Coupled Reactions 54214.2 Overview of Metabolism 54314.3 Digestion 54814.4 Glycolysis 55114.5 Gluconeogenesis 55614.6 Glycogen Metabolism 55814.7 Citric Acid Cycle 56014.8 Electron Transport Chain and Oxidative Phosphorylation 562HealthLink Brown Fat 56614.9 Lipid Metabolism 56614.10 Amino Acid Metabolism 571Appendix A Important Families of Organic Compounds 582Appendix B Naming Ions, Ionic Compounds, Binary Molecules, and Organic Compounds 584Appendix C Answers to Odd-NumberedProblems 591Appendix D Glossary 639Index I-1