Edited by Ashutosh Bhagwat, Boochever and Bird Distinguished Professor of Law, University of California, Davis School of Law and Alan K. Chen, Thompson G. Marsh Law Alumni Professor, University of Denver Sturm College of Law, USA

• ContentsIntroduction ixAshutosh Bhagwat and Alan K. ChenPART I WHAT MAKES SPEECH VALUABLE1 Our eclectic First Amendment 2David S. Han2 Free speech as a prerequisite for all other rights 18Eric Heinze3 The fearlessness rationale for free speech 36Andrew M. KoppelmanPART II FREE SPEECH, PRIVATE POWER, AND DEMOCRACY4 The demand for bullshit 50Lila Greenberg, Katherine Marin, Jessica Sparks and Jane Bambauer5 Social media must-carry laws and the First Amendment 69Kyle Langvardt and Alan Z. Rozenshtein6 Anti-free speech Lochnerism 87Gregory P. Magarian7 Speech restrictions imposed by private employers 109Eugene VolokhPART III FREE SPEECH AND INSTITUTIONS8 The role of speech institutions when both speech and institutions arethreatened 131Joseph Blocher9 The work of the press clause 147RonNell Andersen Jones and Sonja R. West10 Politics, knowledge, and government speech 172Heidi Kitrosser11 Faculty speech, academic freedom, and democratic backsliding 192Timothy ZickPART IV PENUMBRAL EXPRESSIVE RIGHTS12 The right of assembly revisited 215John Inazu13 Democratic self-government and the First Amendment’s “forgotten”clauses: 230Ronald J. Krotoszynski, JrPART V COMPARATIVE APPROACHES TO PROTECTING FREE SPEECH14 Online must-carry in comparative perspective 264Enrique Armijo15 Differences of approach to freedom of expression in Europe and theUnited States: what is their explanation? 281Eric Barendt16 A transatlantic overview of free speech theory and doctrines 299Thomas Hochmann17 The forms of freedom of expression 314Adrienne Stone18 Hate speech 334Mark TushnetPART VI THE FUTURE OF FREEDOM OF EXPRESSION19 Re-examining the relationship between free speech and democraticlegitimacy after the January 6 insurrection 349Eliza Bechtold20 Ships still passing in the night? the deepening European–US divide onregulating the online public sphere 368Gavin Phillipson21 The unfortunate consequences of a misguided free speech principle 403Robert C. Post22 Dignity, free speech, and algorithmic machines 414Alexander Tsesis

Edited by Ashutosh Bhagwat, Boochever and Bird Distinguished Professor of Law, University of California, Davis School of Law and Alan K. Chen, Thompson G. Marsh Law Alumni Professor, University of Denver Sturm College of Law, USA

• ContentsIntroduction ixAshutosh Bhagwat and Alan K. ChenPART I WHAT MAKES SPEECH VALUABLE1 Our eclectic First Amendment 2David S. Han2 Free speech as a prerequisite for all other rights 18Eric Heinze3 The fearlessness rationale for free speech 36Andrew M. KoppelmanPART II FREE SPEECH, PRIVATE POWER, AND DEMOCRACY4 The demand for bullshit 50Lila Greenberg, Katherine Marin, Jessica Sparks and Jane Bambauer5 Social media must-carry laws and the First Amendment 69Kyle Langvardt and Alan Z. Rozenshtein6 Anti-free speech Lochnerism 87Gregory P. Magarian7 Speech restrictions imposed by private employers 109Eugene VolokhPART III FREE SPEECH AND INSTITUTIONS8 The role of speech institutions when both speech and institutions arethreatened 131Joseph Blocher9 The work of the press clause 147RonNell Andersen Jones and Sonja R. West10 Politics, knowledge, and government speech 172Heidi Kitrosser11 Faculty speech, academic freedom, and democratic backsliding 192Timothy ZickPART IV PENUMBRAL EXPRESSIVE RIGHTS12 The right of assembly revisited 215John Inazu13 Democratic self-government and the First Amendment’s “forgotten”clauses: 230Ronald J. Krotoszynski, JrPART V COMPARATIVE APPROACHES TO PROTECTING FREE SPEECH14 Online must-carry in comparative perspective 264Enrique Armijo15 Differences of approach to freedom of expression in Europe and theUnited States: what is their explanation? 281Eric Barendt16 A transatlantic overview of free speech theory and doctrines 299Thomas Hochmann17 The forms of freedom of expression 314Adrienne Stone18 Hate speech 334Mark TushnetPART VI THE FUTURE OF FREEDOM OF EXPRESSION19 Re-examining the relationship between free speech and democraticlegitimacy after the January 6 insurrection 349Eliza Bechtold20 Ships still passing in the night? the deepening European–US divide onregulating the online public sphere 368Gavin Phillipson21 The unfortunate consequences of a misguided free speech principle 403Robert C. Post22 Dignity, free speech, and algorithmic machines 414Alexander Tsesis

Edited by Ashutosh Bhagwat, Boochever and Bird Distinguished Professor of Law, University of California, Davis School of Law and Alan K. Chen, Thompson G. Marsh Law Alumni Professor, University of Denver Sturm College of Law, USA

• ContentsIntroduction ixAshutosh Bhagwat and Alan K. ChenPART I WHAT MAKES SPEECH VALUABLE1 Our eclectic First Amendment 2David S. Han2 Free speech as a prerequisite for all other rights 18Eric Heinze3 The fearlessness rationale for free speech 36Andrew M. KoppelmanPART II FREE SPEECH, PRIVATE POWER, AND DEMOCRACY4 The demand for bullshit 50Lila Greenberg, Katherine Marin, Jessica Sparks and Jane Bambauer5 Social media must-carry laws and the First Amendment 69Kyle Langvardt and Alan Z. Rozenshtein6 Anti-free speech Lochnerism 87Gregory P. Magarian7 Speech restrictions imposed by private employers 109Eugene VolokhPART III FREE SPEECH AND INSTITUTIONS8 The role of speech institutions when both speech and institutions arethreatened 131Joseph Blocher9 The work of the press clause 147RonNell Andersen Jones and Sonja R. West10 Politics, knowledge, and government speech 172Heidi Kitrosser11 Faculty speech, academic freedom, and democratic backsliding 192Timothy ZickPART IV PENUMBRAL EXPRESSIVE RIGHTS12 The right of assembly revisited 215John Inazu13 Democratic self-government and the First Amendment’s “forgotten”clauses: 230Ronald J. Krotoszynski, JrPART V COMPARATIVE APPROACHES TO PROTECTING FREE SPEECH14 Online must-carry in comparative perspective 264Enrique Armijo15 Differences of approach to freedom of expression in Europe and theUnited States: what is their explanation? 281Eric Barendt16 A transatlantic overview of free speech theory and doctrines 299Thomas Hochmann17 The forms of freedom of expression 314Adrienne Stone18 Hate speech 334Mark TushnetPART VI THE FUTURE OF FREEDOM OF EXPRESSION19 Re-examining the relationship between free speech and democraticlegitimacy after the January 6 insurrection 349Eliza Bechtold20 Ships still passing in the night? the deepening European–US divide onregulating the online public sphere 368Gavin Phillipson21 The unfortunate consequences of a misguided free speech principle 403Robert C. Post22 Dignity, free speech, and algorithmic machines 414Alexander Tsesis