Ecosystem Services in Agricultural and Urban Landscapes

Steve Wratten is Professor of Ecology at Lincoln University, New Zealand and Deputy Director of the Bio-Protection Research Centre there, one of the country's Centres of Research Excellence. He has studied or worked at the universities of Reading, Glasgow, London, Cambridge and Southampton, UK. He holds three doctorates and is an elected Fellow of the Royal Society of New Zealand. His research focuses on evaluating and enhancing ecosystem services in agriculture, especially the biological control of pests, pollination, and below-soil processes. Harpinder Sandhu is a Research Fellow in the School of the Environment, Flinders University, South Australia. His research focuses on ecosystem services in managed landscapes. Harpinder also works on poverty-environment interactions in developing countries with their implications for equitable and sustainable development. He is also interested in land use and land cover change and its impact on biodiversity and ecosystem services. Ross Cullen has taught and researched at Lincoln University, New Zealand since 1991, as Professor of Resource Economics. He is an Editor of the Australian Journal of Agricultural and Resource Economics. His current research focuses on management and evaluation of biodiversity projects, ecosystem services in agriculture and forestry, and public perceptions of the state of the environment. Robert Costanza is Professor and Chair in Public Policy at the Crawford School of Public Policy, Australian National University, Canberra, Australia. His transdisciplinary research integrates the study of humans and the rest of nature to address research, policy and management issues at multiple time and space scales, from small watersheds to global systems. He is co-founder and past-president of the International Society for Ecological Economics, and was chief editor of the society's journal, Ecological Economics from its inception in 1989 until 2002.He is founding editor-in-chief of Solutions (www.thesolutionsjournal.org) a new hybrid academic/popular journal.

• Contributors xiReviewers xivForeword xvIntroduction xviSteve Wratten, Harpinder Sandhu, Ross Cullen and Robert CostanzaPart A: Scene Setting 11 Ecosystem Services in Farmland and Cities 3Harpinder Sandhu and Steve WrattenAbstract 3Introduction 4What are ecosystem services? 4Ecosystem functions, goods and services 5The ES framework 6Engineered systems 7Agricultural systems 7Urban systems 10ES and their interactions in engineered systems 112 Ecological Processes, Functions and Ecosystem Services: Inextricable Linkages between Wetlands and Agricultural Systems 16Onil Banerjee, Neville D. Crossman and Rudolf S. de GrootAbstract 16Introduction 17Linking ecosystem function with ecosystem service 18Wetlands 19Wetland functions 20Wetland–agricultural systems interactions 22Some research challenges 24Understanding complexity and resilience 24Trade-offs 253 Key Ideas and Concepts from Economics for Understanding the Roles and Value of Ecosystem Services 28Pamela Kaval and Ramesh BaskaranAbstract 28How can ecosystem services be valued? 28Ecosystem service valuation methodologies 31Revealed preference methods 32Stated preference methods 32Other methods 33How ecosystem services have been measured in the past 34Ecosystem service valuation study recommendations 37Conclusions 39Part B: Ecosystem Services in Three Settings 434 Viticulture can be Modified to Provide Multiple Ecosystem Services 45Sofia Orre-Gordon, Marco Jacometti, Jean Tompkins and Steve WrattenAbstract 45Introduction 45Enhancing CBC in vineyards 46Leafrollers and Botrytis cinerea in the vineyards 48Habitat modification to enhance naturally occurring pest control 48Floral resource supplementation as a form of habitat modification 48Mulch application as a form of habitat modification 49Combining two forms of habitat modification 51The deployment of herbivore-induced plant volatiles as a form of habitat modification 51Habitat modification may provide further ecosystem services 52The future 555 Aquaculture and Ecosystem Services: Reframing the Environmental and Social Debate 58Corinne BaulcombAbstract 58Introduction 58Aquaculture and the environment 59A typology of aquaculture operations and the link to ecosystem services 60Inland production systems 64Overview 64Case study 1: hypothetical integrated agriculture–aquaculture carp polyculture 65Case study 2: hypothetical inland marine shrimp cultivation 68Marine and coastal-based production systems 71Overview 71Case study 3: hypothetic nearshore, intensive and raft-based shellfish cultivation 72Case study 4: hypothetical ‘best-case’ offshore aquaculture cultivation 75The value of a complementary life-cycle approach 75Conclusion 776 Urban Landscapes and Ecosystem Services 83Jürgen Breuste, Dagmar Haase and Thomas ElmqvistAbstract 83Growing urban landscapes 83The process of urbanization 83Urbanization, biodiversity and ecosystems 86Urbanization and management of ecosystems – challenges 86Urban ecosystem services 87What are urban ecosystem services? 87Classification of UES 88Land use – basic information on human influence on ecosystem services 88Urban green – carrier of UES 89Types of urban green space 89Recreation 90Climate regulation 91Biodiversity 94Carbon mitigation 95Rapid growth of soil sealing – destruction of UES and its avoidance 95Climate change – challenges for UES 97Increase in temperature 98Precipitation 99Sea level rise 100UES in urban landscape planning 100Part C: Measuring and Monitoring Ecosystem Services at Multiple Levels 1057 Scale-dependent Ecosystem Service 107Yangjian Zhang, Claus Holzapfel and Xiaoyong YuanAbstract 107Introduction 107Scale 108Ecosystem service is scale dependent 108The ecosystem beneficiary is scale dependent 109Ecosystem service measurement is scale dependent 109Ecosystem service management decision making is scale dependent 112Ecosystem service types 112Ecosystem service studies need to consider scale 113Case studies 114Liberty State Park Interior 115Qinghai-Tibet plateau 117Conclusions 1188 Experimental Assessment of Ecosystem Services in Agriculture 122Harpinder Sandhu, John Porter and Steve WrattenAbstract 122Introduction 122ES in agroecosystems 123Provisioning goods and services 124Supporting services 124Regulating services 124Cultural services 124Field-scale assessment of ES 127The combined food and energy system 128New Zealand arable farmland 129Scenarios of production and ES in agroecosystems 131The ethnocentric systems 131The technocentric systems 131The ecocentric systems 131The ecotechnocentric systems 132The sustaincentric systems 132Conclusions 133Part D: Designing Ecological Systems to Deliver Ecosystem Services 1379 Towards Multifunctional Agricultural Landscapes for the Upper Midwest Region of the USA 139Nicholas Jordan and Keith Douglass WarnerAbstract 139Introduction 139Multifunctional agroecosystems 140Re-designed agricultural landscapes for the Upper Midwest 141Moving forward on design and implementation of multifunctional landscapes for the Upper Midwest 142Theory of change: a social–ecological system model for increasing multifunctionality of agricultural landscapes 143Focal level: enterprise development via ‘virtuous circles’ 143Subsystem level: collaborative social learning for multifunctional agriculture 147Supersystem level: re-visioning the social metabolism of American agriculture 148Applying the theory of change: the Koda Energy fuelshed project 149Enterprise development 150Agroecological partnership 152Re-shaping public opinion and policy 153Conclusions 15310 Supply Chain Management and the Delivery of Ecosystems Services in Manufacturing 157Mary Haropoulou, Clive Smallman and Jack RadfordAbstract 157Towards the sustainable economic production of goods and services? 158Ecological economics and supply chain management: a review and synthesis 158Conventional economic and ecologically economic production 158Conventional SCM: economic efficiency through distribution network configuration and strategy 160Green SCM: the economic inefficiency of waste 161Sustainable SCM: connecting social, economic and ecological performance 162Enabling ecological economics: SSCM 163A case in point: ‘what do we do with it now?’ 165WYM background 166The economic production of wool yarn 167Goods 168Wastes 169Ecological services and amenities 169Natural capital 169Human capital 171Social capital 173Manufactured capital 174Community and individual well-being 175Discussion 175Conclusion 17611 Market-based Instruments and Ecosystem Services: Opportunity and Experience to Date 178Stuart M. Whitten and Anthea CogganAbstract 178Introduction 179Market-based instruments: definition and preconditions 180Types of MBIs 180Examples of MBIs for ecosystem services 184Price-based MBIs 184Quantity-based MBIs 186Market friction MBIs 188The brave new world of ecosystem markets 189Designing effective MBIs 189Where to next in the brave new world of markets for ecosystem services? 190Epilogue: Equitable and Sustainable Systems 194Steve Wratten, Harpinder Sandhu, Ross Cullen and Robert CostanzaIndex 196

“In summary, I think that this book is a useful addition to the literature. . . Thus, I would recommend this book to economists, policy makers, land managers and students wanting to get a relatively clear and concise overview on the key aspects of ES.”  (Australian Journal of Agricultural & Resource Economics, 8 January 2014)“This book is an introductory text that will be useful to students and researchers from a broad range of fields. What I do like and thoroughly enjoyed about this book is that it demonstrates the multiple facets or faces of ecosystem services and the benefits humans derive from them.”  (Restoration Ecology, 1 September 2013)