Deviance and Social Control

Michelle Inderbitzin primarily studies prison culture, juvenile justice, and transformative education. She is co-editor of the book The Voluntary Sector in Prisons: Encouraging Personal and Institutional Change, and she won the American Society of Criminology Teaching Award in 2017. Dr. Inderbitzin earned her PhD in sociology from the University of Washington and has been a faculty member at Oregon State University since 2001. Along with her on-campus classes on crime and deviance, she regularly teaches classes and volunteers in Oregon’s maximum-security prison for men and state youth correctional facilities. Kristin A. Bates is a professor of criminology and justice studies in the Department of Sociology at California State University San Marcos. Her research focuses on racial, ethnic, and gender inequality in criminal justice policies. She is currently involved in a study examining the community impact of civil gang injunctions. She is co-editor of the book Through the Eye of Katrina: Social Justice in the United States, as well as co-author of Juvenile Delinquency in a Diverse Society, both in their second editions. Dr. Bates earned her PhD in sociology from the University of Washington in 1998.Randy R. Gainey is a professor in the Department of Sociology and Criminal Justice at Old Dominion University. His research focuses on sentencing decisions, alternatives to incarceration, and neighborhood characteristics and crime. He is co-author of two other books: Family Violence and Criminal Justice: A Life-Course Approach, now in its third edition, and Drugs and Policing. His articles have recently appeared in Criminology, Justice Quarterly, Theoretical Criminology, The Prison Journal, The Journal of Criminal Justice, and The Journal of Crime and Justice. Dr. Gainey earned his PhD in sociology in 1995 at the University of Washington.

• ForewordPrefaceAcknowledgmentsAbout the AuthorsHow to Read a Research ArticleChapter 1. Introduction to DevianceIntroductionConceptions of DevianceThe Sociological ImaginationThe Importance of Theory and Its Relationship to ResearchGlobal Perspectives on DevianceDeviance and DisparityIdeas in ActionConclusion: Organization of the BookExercises and Discussion QuestionsKey TermsChapter 2. The Diversity of DevianceIntroductionDeviance and Its Varied FormsPhysical Deviance and Appearance: Ideals of Beauty, Self-Harm, and Body ModificationRelationships and DevianceDeviance in Cyberspace: Making Up the Norms as We GoSubcultural DevianceElite Deviance, Corporate Deviance, and Workplace MisconductPositive DevianceGlobal Perspectives on Types of DevianceDeviance and Disparity: Differential Treatment in Dealing With Addiction, Prostitution, and GraffitiIdeas in Action: Guerrilla Gardening in Low-Income AreasQuestion: So Who Are the Deviants? Answer: It Depends on Whom You AskConclusionExercises and Discussion QuestionsKey TermsChapter 3. Researching DevianceIntroductionMethodological Approaches to Studying DevianceContent AnalysisSecondary Data SourcesEthical Considerations in Studying DevianceGlobal Perspectives on Trials and Tribulations Involved in Researching Deviance Across the GlobeDeviance and Disparity: Regulation of SmokingIdeas in Action: Evaluating Programs and PolicyConclusionEndnoteExercises and Discussion QuestionsKey TermsChapter 4. Anomie/Strain TheoryIntroductionDevelopment of Anomie/Strain TheoryRobert Merton and Adaptations to Anomie/StrainRichard Cloward and Lloyd Ohlin, Differential OpportunityAlbert Cohen, Delinquent BoysRobert Agnew, General Strain TheoryMessner and Rosenfeld, Crime and the American Dream— Institutional Anomie TheoryApplication of Anomie and Strain TheoriesCritiques of Anomie and Strain TheoriesGlobal Perspectives on Anomie/Strain TheoryDeviance and Disparity: The Occupy Wall Street MovementIdeas in Action: Transforming Innovation Into Conformity and Legitimate SuccessConclusionExercises and Discussion QuestionsKey TermsChapter 5. Social Disorganization TheoryIntroductionDevelopment of Social Disorganization TheoryShaw and McKay’s Study of Juvenile Delinquency and Urban AreasEarly Critiques of Social Disorganization TheoryRebirth of Social Disorganization TheoryEmpirical Tests of Social Disorganization TheoryCollective Efficacy as a Key Theoretical and Empirical Element of Social Disorganization TheoryGlobal Perspectives on Social Disorganization TheoryTests of Social Disorganization in Cities Outside the United StatesMore Theoretical and Empirical Advances and DivergencesDeviance and Disparity: Social Disorganization TheoryExternal Forces in the Creation of Social DisorganizationIdeas in Action: Programs and Policy From Social Disorganization and Broken Windows PerspectivesConclusionExercises and Discussion QuestionsKey TermsChapter 6. Differential Association and Social Learning TheoriesIntroductionDevelopment of Differential Association TheoryDevelopment of Akers’s Social Learning TheorySocial Structure and Social LearningEmpirical Tests of Akers’s Social Structure Social Learning TheoryApplication of Differential Association and Social LearningCritiques of Differential Association and Social Learning TheoriesCultural Deviance Theory and Subcultural Explanations of DevianceDeviance and Disparity: Can Differential Association/Social Learning Theories Explain Gender Disparities in Deviance?Ideas in Action: Programs and Policy From a Social Learning PerspectiveGlobal Perspectives on Testing Differential Association and Social Learning Theories Outside of the United StatesConclusionExercises and Discussion QuestionsKey TermsChapter 7. Social Control Theories of DevianceIntroductionDevelopment of Social Control TheoryContemporary Additions to Social Control TheoryApplication of Social Control TheoriesCritiques of Social Control TheoriesGlobal Perspectives on Deviance and Social Control TheoriesDeviance and Disparity: The Cases of Teenage HomelessnessIdeas in Action: Homeboy IndustriesConclusionExercises and Discussion QuestionsKey TermsChapter 8. Labeling TheoryIntroductionDevelopment of Labeling TheoryHow the Labeling Process WorksLabeling and Mental IllnessLabeling and DelinquencyApplication of Labeling TheoryImpact of Labeling TheoryCritiques of Labeling TheoryGlobal Perspectives on Labeling TheoryDeviance and Disparity: When Is Drinking—or Not Drinking—Deviant on College Campuses?Ideas in Action: The “I Have a Dream” Foundation—Instilling Positive LabelsConclusionExercises and Discussion QuestionsKey TermsChapter 9. Marxist and Conflict Theories of DevianceIntroductionDevelopment of Marxist TheoryDevelopment of Conflict TheoryApplications of Marxist and Conflict TheoriesCritiques of Marxist and Conflict TheoriesGlobal Perspectives on Deviance and Marxist/Conflict TheoriesDeviance and Disparity: Voting Rights, Voter Suppression, Gerrymandering, and Social MediaVoter Suppression and Conflict TheoryIdeas in Action: Voter Registration DrivesConclusionExercises and Discussion QuestionsKey TermsChapter 10. Critical Theories of DevianceIntroductionDevelopment of Feminist CriminologyDevelopment of Critical Race TheoryDevelopment of PeacemakingCritiques of Critical TheoriesGlobal Perspectives on Deviance and Critical TheoriesDeviance and Disparity: Human Trafficking—Crossing Boundaries and BordersIdeas in Action: What Can Be Done About Human Trafficking?ConclusionExercises and Discussion QuestionsKey TermsChapter 11. Societal Responses to DevianceIntroductionMedicalization of Deviant BehaviorPolicing, Supervision, and the Impact of Incarceration on Disadvantaged Populations and CommunitiesTotal InstitutionsCorrectional Facilities and the Purposes of PunishmentGresham Sykes and the Pains of ImprisonmentJuvenile Correctional FacilitiesReentry: Challenges in Returning to the Community After Time in an InstitutionPublic Fear and Social Control: The Case of Sex OffendersCollateral Consequences: Effects on Communities and FamiliesGlobal Perspectives on the Social Control of DevianceDeviance and Disparity: How Money Can Matter in Local JailsIdeas in Action: College Programs in PrisonsConclusionExercises and Discussion QuestionsKey TermsChapter 12. Deviant Careers and Career DevianceIntroductionDevelopment of a Deviant Career and Career Deviance ApproachGetting Into Deviance: Onset of a Deviant CareerRisk and Protective Factors for OnsetEscalation, Persistence, and Specialization in DevianceSex Offenders: Generalists or Specialists?The Case of Drinking and DrivingSpecialization and General Deviance Is Not Always a ChoiceSummary of Career Deviance: Specialists or Generalists?Getting Out of the Game: Desistance From Career DevianceDeviance and Disparity: Alcohol Use and Misuse Disparities Among Heterosexual and Sexual Minority YouthGlobal Perspectives on Cross-Cultural Interest in Deviant Careers and Career DevianceIdeas in Action: Programs and Policy From a Career Deviance and Deviant Career PerspectiveConclusionExercises and Discussion QuestionsKey TermsGlossaryReferences and Additional ReadingIndex