Culture and International Trade Law

Juneyoung Lee, Ph.D. (2013), Geneva Graduate Institute, Switzerland, is currently serving the nexus between environment and trade at the World Trade Organization. She is also an adjunct professor at International Institute in Geneva.

• List of Figures and TablesList of Acronyms and AbbreviationsIntroduction1 The Research Question and This Publication’s Approach2 The Significance of the Coordinated Framework Proposed in This Publication3 Limitations of This Publication4 The Roadmap for This PublicationPart 1Conceptual and Instituional Approaches to Culture1 Concept of Culture1 Introduction: an Ontology of Culture2 Difficulty in Defining Culture3 Background – Broad Concept of Culture in Sociology3.1 Anthropological Elements3.2 Moral Elements4 Background – Concept of Culture in unesco5 Bringing ‘Culture’ into the Trade Domain5.1 Critics – Confusingly Undefined or Ill-Defined Culture-Related Terminologies5.2 Cultural Diversity and Cultural Identity5.3 Is All Culture the Same? – Categorizations of Culture for the Debate on Trade and Culture – Is Literature Talking about the Same Thing?6 A Working Scope of Cultural Products in the Debate on Trade and Culture – Spectrum of Cultural Products6.1 Definition of Cultural Products6.2 How to Measure Cultural Components in Cultural Products?6.3 The 2009 unesco Framework for Cultural Statistics6.4 Observations and Critiques on the 2009 unesco Framework for Cultural Statistics6.5 Spectrum of Cultural Products7 Concluding Remarks2 Treatment of Culture in unesco1 Introduction2 The History and Functioning of unesco3 Overview of Culture-Related Standard Setting and Terminology in unesco4 unesco Standard Setting Instruments for Removing Trade Barriers to Cultural Goods5 2005 unesco Convention on the Protection and Promotion of the Diversity of Cultural Expressions5.1 Laying the Foundations for the 2005 unesco Convention5.2 unesco Universal Declaration on Cultural Diversity5.3 Preparation Phase for the 2005 unesco Convention5.4 Terminologies of the 2005 unesco Convention and Their Trade Implications5.5 The Objectives of the 2005 unesco Convention6 Debatable Features of the 2005 unesco Convention in Relation to Trade6.1 Article 6 and Article 2.1 of the 2005 unesco Convention: Policy Space6.2 Article 20 of the 2005 unesco Convention: Mutual Supportive, Complementary and Non-subordinate?6.3 Article 16 of the 2005 unesco Convention: Facilitation of Cultural Exchanges with Developing Countries6.4 Article 17 of the 2005 unesco Convention: Co-operation in Situation of Serious Threat to Cultural Expressions7 Comparison with the 1972 unesco World Heritage Convention8 Concluding RemarksPart 2Interaction between Culture and Trade at Domestic, Multilateral, and Preferential Scales3 Current Situation of Domestic Cultural Policies That Bear Trade Implications1 Introduction2 Economic Rationales for Government Interventions in Cultural Products2.1 Economies of Scale in Producing Cultural Products That Lead to Homogenization of Culture2.2 Externalities Argument – Existence of Consumption Externalities?2.3 Public Goods Argument – Are All Cultural Products Public Goods?2.4 Option Goods, Merit Goods3 Overview of Tariffs in Cultural Products4 Overview of Non-tariff Measures in Cultural Products by Key wto Members4.1 European Union4.1.1 Television without Frontier Directive and Audiovisual Media Services Directive4.1.2 State Aid – Communication on Certain Legal Aspects Relating to Cinematographic and Other Audiovisual Works4.2 Canada4.2.1 Broadcasting Act4.2.2 Television Broadcasting Regulations 19874.2.3 Investment Canada Act4.3 China4.3.1 Revenue-Sharing with Joint Ventures, and Annual Quotas in Film Imports4.3.2 Designated Importers of Movies4.3.3 Content Examination4.3.4 Quantitative Time Requirement for Domestic Movies4.3.5 Tax Incentives4.4 India4.4.1 Higher Entertainment Tax on Foreign Films4.4.2 Tax Incentives4.5 Korea4.5.1 Screen Quota System4.5.2 Import Licensing4.6 US4.6.1 Communication Act of 19344.6.2 US Congressional Activities4.6.3 Indian Arts and Crafts Act of 19355 Concluding Remarks4 General Treatment of Culture in the Multilateral Trading System1 Introduction2 wto Law Perspectives2.1 Overview of the wto Legal Provisions and Culture-Related Legal Provisions in the wto2.1.1 Overview of the wto Legal Provisions2.1.2 Culture-Related Provisions in the wto2.2 Culture-Specific Provisions in the wto2.2.1 gatt Article iv on Special Provisions Relating to Cinematograph Films2.2.2 gatt xx (f) on Protection of National Treasures of Artistic, Historic or Archaeological Value2.3 Goods or Services? – Became an Irrelevant Question?3 Relation between the wto Laws and the unesco Convention on the Protection and Promotion of the Diversity of Cultural Expression3.1 Applicability of the unesco Convention to wto Jurisprudence3.2 wto China-Audiovisual Case and the unesco Convention4 wto Negotiations Perspectives4.1 Audiovisual Services4.1.1 wto Members’ Positions4.1.2 Advancing Technology and Classification Issues in Audiovisual Services4.1.3 Subsidies for Audiovisual Services4.2 Traditional Knowledge and Folklore5 wto Administration Perspectives – Governance and Surveillance Instrument for Trade and Culture in the wto5.1 Current Situation5.2 Utilizing Existing Mechanisms5.3 Co-operation with Other Culture-Related Multilateral Institutions (E.g. unesco)6 wto Accessions Perspectives – Cultural Concerns during the wto Accession Process7 Concluding Remarks5 General Treatment of Culture in the Preferential Trade System1 Introduction2 Overview on pta s Regarding Cultural Products2.1 Setting the Tone on Cultural Products in pta s – nafta Model2.2 Canadian Model2.3 US Model2.3.1 Negative List Approach2.3.2 Emphasis on Digital Products2.3.3 Unchanged Exclusion of Subsidies2.4 EU Model2.4.1 General Exclusion of Audiovisual Services2.4.2 Protocol on Cultural Cooperation in pta s Tied to the 2005 unesco Convention2.4.3 Relatively Liberal Approach in Recreation, Cultural and Sporting Services2.4.4 Standard Inclusion of Possibility of Prohibition or Restriction on Imports, Exports or Goods in Transition on the Grounds of Public Morality or the Protection of National Treasures2.4.5 Specificities in Individual EU pta s2.5 Chinese Model – First Steps towards Long-Term Engagement2.6 New Zealand Creative Art Model3 Overview on Investment Treaties and Protection of Culture3.1 Southern Pacific Properties (Middle East) Limited v. Arab Republic Egypt3.2 Parkerings v. Lithuania3.3 Relevance of the icsid Legal Approach for the wto Cases4 Concluding RemarksPart 3Coordination between Culture and Trade6 Ways Forward for Culture and International Trade Law From Conflict to Coordination1 Analytical Recapitulation of Previous Chapters1.1 Conceptualization of ‘Culture-Ness’ in Cultural Products1.2 Institutional Challenge of unesco1.3 Striving for Efficacy of the National Cultural Interventions1.4 Institutional Capability of wto on Cultural Issues2 Specific Suggestions for Ways Forwards: Presenting Options2.1 Dispute Settlement Approach2.1.1 Classic – Dispute Settlement in the wto2.1.2 Fresh Complement – Informal International Lawmaking2.2 Non-dispute Settlement Approach2.2.1 Monitoring2.2.2 Negotiations2.2.3 Institutional Coordination2.3 Plurilateral Agreement on Cultural Products2.3.1 Dispute Settlement in a Plurilateral Agreement on Trade and Culture2.4 Innovative Approach in pta s2.4.1 Regional Option 1 – apec2.4.2 Regional Option 2 – Council of Europe2.4.3 New Era of the Discussion on Trade and Culture? – The eu-us ptaConclusionsIndex