RALPH LAMAR TURNER received his doctorate degree in education from East Tennessee State University. He is a freelance writer and researcher. He is a contributor, along with Robert J. Higgs, on Sports in the upcoming revised 3rd addition of The Handbook of American Popular Culture (Greenwood, 1999).ROBERT J. HIGGS is Professor Emeritus at East Tennessee State University. He is the author of Sports: A Reference Guide (Greenwood, 1982). He is also the author of God in the Stadium: Sports and Religion in America, which was nominated for a Pulitzer Prize.