Building Energy Efficiency, Volume 1

Patrick Salagnac is Professor of Heat Transfer and Building Energy at La Rochelle University, France, where he teaches heat transfer and building energy. His research focuses on building envelope optimization, passive cooling and energy production systems.Jean-Luc Faure is Associate Professor in the Civil Engineering Department at La Rochelle University, France. His research focuses on the design, dimensioning, control and management of high-efficiency energy systems using centralized technical management tools.

• Preface xiIntroduction xiiiAcknowledgments xvChapter 1. Context and Issues 11.1. The building through the ages 11.2. Energy and environmental issues in the building sector 21.3. Characteristics of the building stock 71.4. Energy in buildings 111.5. Regulatory aspects 131.5.1. National and international laws 131.5.2. French regulation 141.5.3. Labels and certifications 191.6. Designing a healthy and performant building 221.6.1. Bioclimatic solutions for heating 251.6.2. Bioclimatic solutions for air conditioning 261.7. Thermal comfort 271.7.1. The human body and its metabolism 281.7.2. Thermal balance 301.7.3. Comfort criteria 301.7.4. Application: impact of set temperature 311.8. Conclusion 32Chapter 2. Building Envelope 332.1. Functions of the envelope 332.2. Construction technologies 372.2.1. Construction and insulation materials 372.2.2. Opaque walls 492.2.3. Roofs 522.2.4. Windows 572.2.5. Solar protection for comfort in summer 612.2.6. Thermal bridges 672.2.7. Floors 692.3. Advanced and future technologies 712.3.1. Walls and materials 712.3.2. Innovative glazing and windows 882.4. Heat losses 942.4.1. Static heat loss 952.4.2. Dynamic heat losses 982.4.3. Heat loss balance 992.5. Heating demand 1002.5.1. Heat loss energy 1012.5.2. Space heating demand 1042.5.3. Internal gains 1052.5.4. Solar gains 1082.6. Cooling demand 1092.7. Application: case study of a residential house (static calculation) 1122.7.1. Technical description of the house 1122.7.2. Heat loss balance 1142.7.3. Calculation of heat loss energy 1152.7.4. Calculation of free heat gains 1162.7.5. Calculating the heating demand 1162.7.6. Calculating the cooling demand 1172.8. Application: case of a residential building (dynamic calculation) 1182.8.1. The house’s heating demand 1182.8.2. Evolution of heating demand as a function of the set interior temperature 1192.8.3. Change in heating demand as a function of the level of insulation 1202.8.4. Heating power and hours of operation 1212.8.5. Comfort during the hot season 1222.9. Moving from energy demand to energy consumption 1242.10. Conclusion 125Chapter 3. Ventilation 1273.1. Purposes 1273.2. Regulation 1283.2.1. Residential buildings 1283.2.2. Non-residential buildings 1313.3. The principles of ventilation 1313.3.1. Single-room ventilation 1313.3.2. Cross-flow ventilation 1333.4. Ventilation and moisture 1353.5. Various ventilation systems 1373.5.1. Natural ventilation 1373.5.2. Mechanical ventilation 1523.5.3. Overventilation 1663.5.4. Acoustic regulation 1673.6. Components of ventilation systems 1683.6.1. Inlet and exhaust terminal vents 1683.6.2. Air diffusers 1723.6.3. Circulation between rooms 1743.6.4. Ducts 1753.6.5. Rooftop air intakes/outlets 1773.6.6. Registers 1773.6.7. Individual exhaust fan 1783.6.8. Ventilation unit 1783.6.9. Air handling unit 1793.7. Air diffusion modes 1803.7.1. Diffusion by mixing 1803.7.2. Diffusion by displacement 1823.7.3. Important factors in air diffusion 1833.8. Systems coupled with CMV to preheat or precool fresh air 1843.8.1. Earth-to-air heat exchanger 1843.8.2. Thermodynamic CMV 1873.8.3. Aerothermal collector 1893.9. Ventilation system sizing 1903.9.1. Sizing steps 1903.9.2. Selection of terminal vents for exhaust-only pressure and humidity-CMV systems according to French standards 1953.10. Application: case of a single-family house 1973.11. Conclusion 201Chapter 4. Lighting and Electrical Equipment 2034.1. Introduction to lighting 2034.2. Types of lighting 2044.2.1. Natural lighting 2044.2.2. Artificial lighting 2064.3. Visual comfort 2084.3.1. Daylight factor 2084.3.2. Color temperature 2114.3.3. Color rendering index 2124.4. Bulb technologies 2124.4.1. Incandescent lamp 2134.4.2. Discharge lamps 2144.4.3. LED lamps 2174.4.4. Lighting management and control 2184.5. Lighting efficiency 2194.5.1. Values 2194.5.2. Energy efficiency 2204.5.3. Luminous efficiency 2224.5.4. Color temperature 2234.5.5. Thermal balance and radiative spectrum of a lamp 2244.5.6. Other parameters 2264.6. Example of an application 2264.7. Other electrical equipment 2284.7.1. Domestic appliances 2304.7.2. Multimedia devices 2314.7.3. Home functional equipment 2324.7.4. Devices on standby 2324.7.5. Energy rating label 2344.8. Conclusion 235Conclusion 237References 239Appendices 243A.1. Appendices 243A.1.1. Comparison of RT 2012, RE 2020 and the E+C- label 243A.1.2. Values for the thermal transmission coefficients of walls 243A.1.3. Example values of the thermal transmission coefficients of windows 245A.1.4. Degree days for each département (region) of France 246A.1.5. Different classes of thermal inertia of a building 249A.1.6. Sensible and latent heats released by occupants 249A.1.7. Average number of lighting hours per day, Nhj 250A.1.8. Heat released by electronic devices 251A.1.9. Example values of Sw, C1 and Fe 251A.1.10. Values of Cin, Te,aveclim,j, Nfr and Efr 254A.1.11. Computational elements for the case study 256A.1.12. Minimum extracted airflow rates in non-residential premises (as stipulated by France’s RSDT) 261A.1.13. Minimum extracted airflow rates in non-residential premises (as stipulated by French Labour Code 1st, Chapter 2 2008) 264A.1.14. Moist air chart 264A.2. List of acronyms and abbreviations 267List of Authors 273Index 275