Biotechnology

Rolf Schmid studied chemistry, biochemistry and microbiology in Munich and Freiburg (Germany). After postdoctoral training in Gif-sur-Yvette (France) and Austin (USA), he joined Henkel KGaA in Dusseldorf (Germany) where he worked for 15 years, eventually as Director R&D Biotechnology. In 1987, he was invited to direct the Institute for Enzyme Technology at Braunschweig Technical University and the Division of Enzyme Technology and Chemistry of Natural Products at the 'Gesellschaft fur biotechnologische Forschung' (GBF) in Braunschweig (Germany). From 1993 to 2009, he was Director of the Institute for Enzyme Technology at Stuttgart University (Germany). After having obtained an MBA diploma from the University of Reutlingen in 2007, he founded the consulting agency www.bio4business.eu in Stuttgart, followed in 2015 by the Steinbeis Consulting Agency www.asia-tech.eu. Dr. Claudia Schmidt-Dannert is Distinguished McKnight Professor in the Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Biophysics, at the University of Minnesota (USA). She studied Biology and Biochemistry at the Carolo Wilhelmina University Braunschweig (Germany), where she received her Ph.D. in Biochemistry in 1994. Schmidt-Dannert held a Postdoc position in Molecular Biotechnology at the University of Stuttgart (Germany) and became Professor at the University of Minnesota in 2010. Her research focuses on exploring and utilizing the metabolic machineries of plants and microorganisms to enable the discovery and synthesis of valuable microbial or plant-derived compounds in engineered microbial cells.

• Preface ixPreface to the 2nd Edition xIntroduction 1IntroductionEarly developments 2Biotechnology today 4Gene cloning and identification 60Gene expression 62Gene silencing 64Epigenetics 66Gene libraries and gene mapping 68Genetic maps of prokaryotes 70Genetic maps of eukaryotes 72Metagenomics 74MicrobiologyViruses 6Bacteriophages 8Microorganisms 10Bacteria 12Yeasts 14Fungi 16Algae 18Some bacteria of importance for biotechnology 20Microorganisms: isolation, preservation, safety 22Microorganisms: strain improvement 24BiochemistryBiochemistry 26Amino acids, peptides, proteins 28Enzymes: structure, function, kinetics 30Sugars, glycosides, oligo- and polysaccharides 32Lipids, membranes, membrane proteins 34Metabolism 36Genetic engineeringDNA: structure 38DNA: function 40Rna 42Genetic engineering: general steps 44Preparation of DNA 46Other useful enzymes for DNA manipulation 48PCR: general method 50PCR: laboratory methods 52DNA: synthesis and size determination 54DNA sequencing 56Transfer of foreign DNA in living cells (transformation) 58Cell biologyCell biology 76Stem cells 78Blood cells and immune system 80Antibodies 82Reporter groups 84Solid state fermentation (SSF) 86Growing microorganisms 88Growth kinetics and product formation 90Fed-batch, continuous and high cell density fermentation 92Fermentation technology 94Fermentation technology: scale-up 96Cultivation of mammalian cells 98Mammalian cell bioreactors 100Enzyme and cell reactors 102Recovery of bioproducts 104Recovery of proteins: chromatography 106Economic aspects of industrial processes 108Food and food additivesAlcoholic beverages 110Beer 112Fermented food 114Food and lactic acid fermentation 116Prebiotics and probiotics 118Bakers’ yeast and fodder yeasts 120Fodder yeasts from petroleum feedstocks, single cell oil 122Amino acids 124l-Glutamic acid 126d,l-Methionine, l-lysine, and l-threonine 128Aspartame™, l-phenylalanine, and l-aspartic acid 130Amino acids via enzymatic transformation 132Vitamins 134Industrial productsBio-Ethanol 1381-Butanol 140Higher alcohols and alkenes 142Acetic acid / vinegar 144Citric acid 146Lactic acid, 3-hydroxy-propionic acid (3-hp) 148Gluconic acid and “green” sugar chemicals 150Dicarboxylic acids 152Biopolymers: Polyesters 154Biopolymers: Polyamides 156Polysaccharides 158Biosurfactants 160Fatty acids and their esters 162Enzyme technologyBiotransformation 164Technical enzymes 166Applied enzyme catalysis 168Regio- and enantioselective enzymatic synthesis 170Enzymes as processing aids 172Detergent enzymes 174Enzymes for starch hydrolysis 176Enzymatic starch hydrolysis 178Enzymes and sweeteners 180Enzymes for the hydrolysis of cellulose and polyoses 182Enzymes in pulp and paper processing 184Pectinases 186Enzymes and milk products 188Enzymes in baking and meat processing 190Other enzymes for food products and animal feed 192Enzymes in leather and textile treatment 194Procedures for obtaining novel technical enzymes 196Protein design 198AntibioticsAntibiotics: occurrence, applications, mechanism of action 200Antibiotics: screening, industrial production, and mechanism of action 202Antibiotic resistance 204β-Lactam antibiotics: structure, biosynthesis, and mechanism of action 206β-Lactam antibiotics: manufacture 208Amino acid and peptide antibiotics 210Glycopeptide, lipopeptide, polyether, and nucleoside anti-biotics 212Aminoglycoside antibiotics 214Tetracyclines, chinones, chinolones, and other aromatic antibiotics 216Macrolide antibiotics 218New pathways to antibiotics 220Pharmaceuticals and medical technologyInsulin 222Growth hormone and other hormones 224Hemoglobin, serum albumen, and lactoferrin 226Blood clotting agents 228Anticoagulants and thrombo-lytic agents 230Enzyme inhibitors 232Interferons 234Interleukins and “anti-interleukins” 236Erythropoietin and other growth factors 238Other therapeutic proteins 240Monoclonal and catalytic antibodies 242Recombinant antibodies 244Therapeutic antibodies 246Vaccines 248Recombinant vaccines 250Steroid biotransformations 252Diagnostic enzymes 254Enzyme tests 256Biosensors 258Immunoanalysis 260Glycobiology 262Agriculture and environmentAnimal breeding 264Embryo transfer, cloned animals 266Gene maps 268Transgenic animals 270Breeding, gene pharming and xenotransplantation 272Plant breeding 274Plant tissue surface culture 276Plant cell suspension culture 278Transgenic plants: resistance 282Transgenic plants: products 284Aerobic wastewater treatment 286Anaerobic wastewater and sludge treatment 288Biological treatment of exhaust air 290Biological soil treatment 292Microbial leaching, biofilms, and biocorrosion 294MegatrendsThe human genome 296Functional analysis of the human genome 298Pharmacogenomics, nutrigenomics 300DNA assays 302Gene therapy 304Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPS) 306Tissue Engineering 308Drug screening 310High-throughput sequencing 312Proteomics 314DNA and protein arrays 316Metabolic engineering 318Synthetic biology 320Systems biology 322Bioinformatics: sequence and structural databases 324Bioinformatics: functional analyses 326Carbon sources (C-sources) 328Biorefineries 330Safety in genetic engineering 332Regulation of products derived from biotechnology 334Ethical considerations and acceptance 336Patents in biotechnology 338International aspects of biotechnology 340Further Reading 343Index 376Picture Credits 398

"...you should have it close at hand on your desktop as you read new articles. I would recommend this reference book...not only to clinical chemists, pathalogists, and medical technologists, but to anyone in medicine who wants to know how all the new therapeutic agents are made and appriciates the impact of biotechnology an medicine and society."Clinical Chemistry "...this book is a useful, interesting and colourful guide to modern biotechnology and genetic engineering. It will achieve its objective of providing students with an overview of the field presented in manageable portions and a clear and accessible manner, but it will also be a source of information, a useful reference and an interesting read for any researcher who is working across the traditional boundaries of chemistry, biology or biochemistry."ChemBioChem "This pocket guide can be recommended unreservedly for all students and researchers in natural and engineering sciences and medicine, but is also useful to readers with a general interest in biotechnology and genetic engineering. I can certainly agree with the final sentence of the book cover: A perfect introduction to the field - for professionals and students."Angewandte Chemie IE Erwahnung in: Process"...provides a broad coverage of the relevant facts on products, methods and applications in biotechnology and genetic engineering...Instructive yet attractive color illustrations and a didactic approach throughout the book..."Process worldwide "Beginners and experts will like this wonderfully composed book."Journal of Statistical Computation & Simulation "In the wilderness of biotechnology, Schmid's "Pocket Guide to Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering" is a welcome addition that with all likelihood will find many friends. During the review process it has definitely found one! The book is excellently produced. The figures are as sharp as tacks and as informative as the text...The overall verdict is: useful and recommendable to students and biotechnologists alike."Engineering in Life Sciences