Atomic Force Microscopy in Liquid

Arturo M Baró has spent most of his career at the Universidad Autonoma of Madrid and has been working in the fi eld of Surface Physics and Nanoscience. In 1983, he spent one year at the IBM Research Lab in Zürich where he worked with Professors Rohrer and Binnig, whodiscovered STM. He is the author of 160 publications with a citation index h = 38. In 1985, he founded the company NANOTEC ELECTRONICA, S.L., which is dedicated to the fabrication and sale of AFM machines. He has been honored with the research prizes from the HumboldtFoundation. Ronald G. Reifenberger has been on the faculty at Purdue University, W. Lafayette, USA since 1978. Following his PhD in physics from the University of Chicago, he was a post-doctoral fellow at the University of Toronto, Canada. His nanophysics laboratory at Purdue usesinnovative experimental techniques to examine nanoscale properties of matter. His research focus since 1985 has been primarily scanning probe microscopy. Reifenberger is currently the director of the Kevin G. Hall Nanometrology Laboratory in the Birck Nanotechnology Centerat Purdue.

• PART I: General Atomic Force Microscopy AFM: BASIC CONCEPTSAtomic Force Microscope: PrinciplesPiezoelectric ScannersTips and CantileversForce Detection Methods for Imaging in LiquidsAFM Operation Modes: Contact, Jumping/Pulsed, DynamicThe Feedback LoopImage RepresentationArtifacts and Resolution Limits CARBON NANOTUBE TIPS IN ATOMIC FORCE MICROSCOPY WITH APPLICATIONS TO IMAGING IN LIQUIDIntroductionFabrication of CNT AFM ProbesChemical FunctionalizationMechanical Properties of CNTs in Relation to AFM ApplicationsDynamics of CNT Tips in LiquidPerformance and Resolution of CNT Tips in Liquid FORCE SPECTROSCOPYIntroductionMeasurement of Force CurvesMeasuring Surface Forces by the Surface Force ApparatusForces between Macroscopic BodiesTheory of DLVO Forces between Two SurfacesVan der Waals Forces - the Hamaker ConstantElectrostatic Force between Surfaces in a LiquidSpatially Resolved Force SpectroscopyForce Spectroscopy Imaging of Single DNA MoleculesSolvation ForcesHydrophobic ForcesSteric ForcesConclusive Remarks DYNAMIC-MODE AFM IN LIQUIDIntroductionOperation PrinciplesInstrumentationQuantitative Force MeasurementsHigh-Resolution ImagingSummary and Future Prospects FUNDAMENTALS OF AFM CANTILEVER DYNAMICS IN LIQUID ENVIRONMENTSIntroductionReview of Fundamentals of Cantilever OscillationHydrodynamics of Cantilevers in LiquidsMethods of Dynamic ExcitationDynamics of Cantilevers Interacting with Samples in LiquidsOutlook SINGLE-MOLECULE FORCE SPECTROSCOPYIntroductionAFM-SMFS PrinciplesDynamics of Adhesion BondsSpecific versus Other InteractionsSteered Molecular Dynamics SimulationsBiological Findings Using AFM-SMFSConcluding Remarks HIGH-SPEED AFM FOR OBSERVING DYNAMIC PROCESSES IN LIQUIDIntroductionTheoretical Derivation of Imaging Rate and Feedback BandwidthTechniques Realizing High-Speed Bio-AFMSubstrate SurfacesImaging of Dynamic Molecular ProcessesFuture Prospects of High-Speed AFMConclusion INTEGRATION OF AFM WITH OPTICAL MICROSCOPY TECHNIQUESIntroductionCombining AFM and IRM-TIRFCombining AFM and FRETFRET-AFMSample Preparation and Experiment Setup PART II: Biological Applications AFM IMAGING IN LIQUID OF DNA AND PROTEIN-DNA COMPLEXESOverview: the Study of DNA at Nanoscale ResolutionSample Preparation for AFM Imaging of DNA and Protein-DNA ComplexesAFM of DNA in Aqueous SolutionsAFM Imaging of Alternative DNA ConformationsDynamics of Protein -DNA InteractionsDNA CondensationConclusions STABILITY OF LIPID BILAYERS AS MODEL MEMBRANES: ATOMIC FORCE MICROSCOPY AND SPECTROSCOPY APPROACHBiological MembranesMechanical Characterization of Lipid MembranesFuture Perspectives SINGLE-MOLECULE ATOMIC FORCE MICROSCOPY OF CELLULAR SENSORSIntroductionMethodsProbing Single Yeast Sensors in Live CellsConclusions A FM-BASED SINGLE-CELL FORCE SPECTROSCOPYIntroductionCantilever ChoiceCantilever FunctionalizationCantilever CalibrationCell Attachment to the AFM CantileverRecording a Force -Distance CurveProcessing F -D CurvesQuantifying Overall Cell Adhesion by SCFSSFCS with Single-Molecule ResolutionDynamic Force SpectroscopyMeasuring Cell -Cell AdhesionConclusions and Outlook NANOSURGICAL MANIPULATION OF LIVING CELLS WITH THE AFMIntroduction: Mechanical Manipulation of Living CellsBasic Mechanical Properties of Proteins and CellsHole Formation on the Cell MembraneExtraction of mRNA from Living CellsDNA Delivery and Gene ExpressionMechanical Manipulation of Intracellular SFsCellular Adaptation to Local StressesApplication of Carbon Nanotube NeedlesUse of Fabricated AFM Probes with a Hooking FunctionMembrane Protein ExtractionFuture Prospects