West Nile Virus

The opening study included in West Nile Virus: Outbreaks, Control and Prevention Strategies aims to design and implement an efficient data-driven agent-based model of West Nile virus spread, considering highly-mobile humans with a high level of heterogeneous properties. The authors propose a cellular difference equation model for adoption in West Nile virus-agent-based models. Following this, the authors summarize the envelope domain III protein, its production using various host systems, and applications in the development of West Nile virus vaccines and diagnostics. Lastly, this collection reviews the impacts of West Nile virus on several bird species, and discusses the implications for the long-term survival the Yellow-billed Magpie.