Transformation Parameters Between Local Levelling Datum and Geoid

The advent of the Global Positioning System (GPS) as a surveying tool has changed the tendency for surveyors to depend on local vertical datum for height determination. This is due to the fact that, currently it is possible to determine heights referred to the geoid using GPS and then transform these heights so that they refer to the local vertical datum and vice versa. This book focuses on determination of transformation parameters between The Tanzania National Levelling Datum (TNLD) and the geoid, and computation of Digital Finite Element Height Reference Surface (DFHRS) for GPS heighting.