Scots in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, 16th to 18th Centuries

Peter Paul Bajer, Ph.D. (2009) in History, is an Adjunct Research Assistant at Monash University, Melbourne, Australia, and is currently teaching at Geelong Grammar School. His main areas of academic interest are: Scottish migration to Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth XVIth to XVIIIth centuries; history of other ethnic/migrant groups (especially processes of naturalisation and ennoblement of foreigners) in Early Modern Poland; and accounts of contemporary British travellers to Central Europe. His publications include: "Scotsmen and the Polish nobility from the Sixteenth to Eighteenth Century" (2008), "Scots in the Kraków Reformed Parish in the seventeenth century" (2011) and "‘Noli Me Condemnare’ – Migrant memories set in stone: the seventeen and the eighteenth century Scottish memorials in Poland." (Dec 2011).

• List of Figures, Maps and Tables ... xiAcknowledgements ... xvAbbreviations ... xixConventions and Glossary ... xxiiiIntroduction A New Perspective on Scottish Migration to the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth in the Sixteenth to the Eighteenth Centuries ... 11 Scottish Migration to Poland-Lithuania from the Sixteenth to the Eighteenth Centuries: The State of Present Scholarship and the Sources ... 11Manuscripts and Published Primary Sources ... 26Database of Scots in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth 1569–1795 ... 372 Motives for Scottish Migration: The Socio-Political Situation in Scotland and in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth ... 41Population Surplus, Living Standards and Poverty in Scotland: Grounds for Migration ... 42Religious Conflicts, War, Pestilence and Primogeniture ... 47Population and the Economy of the Commonwealth from the Sixteenth to the Eighteenth Centuries ... 54Polish-Lithuanian Society ... 64The Commonwealth’s Army from the Sixteenth to the Eighteenth Centuries ... 68Religious Freedom in Poland-Lithuania from the Sixteenth to the Eighteenth Centuries ... 693 The Influx: The Scale of Migration of Scots to the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth ... 77The Possible Scale of the Migration as Reflected in Accounts of Contemporaries ... 87The Scale of the Migration as Reflected in State and Municipal Documents ... 98The Chronology of Migration ... 103An Attempt to Assess the Scale of the Migration Based on Parish Records ... 1094 The Migrants and their Motives: The Social Make-Up of the Scottish Migration and Spheres of Commercial Activity ... 117The Geographical Origins of the Migrants ... 118Motives for Migration ... 128The Commerce and Trade-Oriented Migrants ... 134Women Migrants ... 140Mercenaries ... 149Academics and Scholars ... 154Clergymen ... 161Diplomats and Agents ... 1665 The Life of Scottish Migrants in Poland-Lithuania ... 173Spheres of Commercial Activity ... 178Purveyors to the Court: Scotsmen in Privileged Positions ... 183The Scottish Quest for Ius Civile (Citizenship) ... 186The Financial Status of Scottish Traders in the Middle of the Seventeenth Century ... 189The Organisation of the Scots in Poland-Lithuania ... 2106 The Kirk: Scots in the Reformed Parishes—Defining Identity ... 221The Reformed Church in Poland-Lithuania ... 223Religious Toleration in Practice: Scottish Dissendentes, Confessional Prejudice and Religious Tensions ... 227Scottish Communities in Large Protestant Cities: Parishes in Gdańsk, Elbląg, Toruń and Konigsberg ... 235Scottish Protestants in the Catholic Cities; The Role of Rural Reformed Parishes ... 254Scottish Faith Communities under the Patronage of the Nobility ... 275The Scottish Impact on the Reformed Church in Poland-Lithuania ... 2907 Successful Integration: Scotsmen and the Polish Nobility ... 303The Scottish Quest for Indygenat (Naturalisation as a Nobleman) and Nobilitacja (Ennoblement) ... 313Religious and Professional Life of the Scoto-Polish Nobility ... 325Usurpations of Noble Status ... 327Scottish Noble Families in the Commonwealth: Kinship and Blood Relations ... 331Military Service and the Nobility ... 336Scoto-Polish Nobility at the End of the Eighteenth Century ... 339Conclusion Scottish Migration to the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth from the Sixteenth to Eighteenth Centuries Redefined ... 341AppendicesI List of Scottish and English Contributors to the 1651 Polish Subsidy ... 353II Scottish Names Appearing in the Baptismal and Marriage Records of St Peter and St Paul Church, Gdańsk 1640–1649 ... 391III Scottish Names Appearing in the Baptismal and Marriage Records of St Elizabeth Church, Gdańsk 1640–1649 ... 405IV Scottish Names Appearing in the Baptismal and Marriage Records of the Reformed Church in Konigsberg 1640–1649 ... 420V Reiestr Auditorow albo Słuchaczow Zboru Wielkanockiego y Lucianowskiego ... 427VI Scottish Names Appearing in the Baptismal and Marriage Records of the Reformed Church in Wielkanoc/ Lucianowice 1640–1649 ... 429VII Scottish Names Appearing in the Baptismal and Marriage Records of the Reformed Church in Wilno 1640–1649 ... 435VIII Scottish Names Appearing in the Baptismal and Marriage Records of the Reformed Church in Kiejdany 1640–1649 . 438IX Reiestr Auditorow Zboru Kieydańskiego (1697) ... 443X Citizens of Kiejdany 1658–1735 ... 451XI Scots Admitted to Civic Rights in Lwow 1557–1754 ... 454XII British Diplomats in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth (1580–1700) ... 458XIII British Officers and Troops under British Command in Poland-Lithuania (1570s–1790s) ... 462XIV Polish Nobility of British Origin 16th–18th Centuries ... 491XV Families of Polish Nobility of British Origin 16th–18th Centuries ... 504Bibliography ... 509Index of Places ... 559Index of Persons ... 567

Bajer’s book is an important contribution to the field and the first general attempt in modern scholarship to revise the stereotypical narrative (or even lack thereof) on the Scottish diaspora in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. It brings a significant body of data for future analysis, aided by cross-checking between different types of source and puts forward a set of interesting hypotheses.Michał Wasiucionek, European Review of History: Revue europeenne d'histoire, Vol. 20, No. 2, pp. 318-320