Rise of the Ni‘matull.h. Order

Reza Tabandeh received his PhD in Islamic Studies at the University of Exeter. He is currently a researcher on Islam and Sufism at Brock University, Canada.

• Table of Contents Acknowledgements System of Transliteration Chapter One Introduction: 19th-Century Persian Sufism in its Shi..ite Milieu The Rise of the Safavids and the Establishment of Shi’ism in Iran The Rise of the Q.j.r Dynasty Chapter Two Jurists and Sufis from the Mongols to the Q.j.rs Sufism in Mongol Iran The Jurist-Sufi Conflict in Timurid and Turkemen Persia Shi‘ism and Sufism in Safavid Iran The Suppression of the Sufi Orders under the Safavids Sufism and Clerical Shi‘ism during the Afsharids and the Zands Conclusion Chapter Three The Ni.matull.h. Order from Ma...m .Al..Al. Sh.h to Mu.affar .Al. Sh.h Introduction The Ni.matull.h. Persian Sufi Order and Ma...m .Al. Sh.h The Anti-Sufi Movement of the Shi..ite U..l. Scholars The Ni.matull.h. Sufi Order and N.r .Al. Sh.h The Ni.matull.h. Sufi Order and Mu.affar .Al. Sh.h Conclusion Chapter Four The Life and Works of .usayn .Al. Sh.h The Socio-Political Situation of Sufism in Early 19th-Century Persia Religious Opposition to Sufism in Early 19th-Century Persia .usayn .Al. Sh.h: Preacher and Mystic .usayn .Al. Sh.h and the Polemics of Henry Martyn Refutations (jaw.b.yya) of Henry Martyn’s tracts Mull. Mu.ammad Ri.. Hamad.n. M.rz. Ab. al-Q.sim (Suk.t) Al. N.r. (d. 1245/1830) Mull. A.mad Nar.q. (d. 1245/1829) Ab. al-Q.sim Qum. (d. 1231/1816) .usayn .Al. Sh.h’s Response to Martyn (1248/1833) Conclusion Chapter Five The Life and Works of Majdh.b .Al. Sh.h Introduction The Life of Majdh.b .Al. Sh.h Imitation (taql.d) The ‘Divine Faculty’ (quwwa quds.yya) Dhikr Majdh.b’s Views about Shi..ite Extremism (ghuluww) Contemplative Vigilance (mur.qaba) The Spiritual Heart (qalb) The Unity of Being (wa.dat al-wuj.d) Heterodox and Orthodox Theories of the wa.dat al-wuj.d The Heterodox School of the Unity of Being The Orthodox School of the Unity of Being Intuitive Philosophy (dhawq-i ta.aluh) The Theory of Theophany (tajall.) Two Types of Theophany The Theory of Divine Light Spiritual Disclosure (kashf) Majdh.b’s view on Creation The Spiritual Leaders: The Shi..ite Im.ms The Gnostics (.uraf.’) Annihilation and Subsistence (fan.’ and baq.’) Muslim Sects and Heretical Sufism Majdh.b’s View of Shi..ism Sunni Sufism Heretical Sufism Incarnationism (.ul.l) and Unificationism (itti..d) Nuq.aw.yya W..il.yya (Mystics United with God) .Ushsh.q.yya (The Lovers) Tan.sukh.yya (transmigration and reincarnation) Conclusion Chapter Six The Life and Works of Mast .Al. Sh.h Introduction The Life of Mast .Al. Sh.h The Works of Mast .Al. Sh.h Mast .Al. Sh.h’s Mystical Theology and Sufism Mast .Al. Sh.h’s Views on Shi..ism Sufi Apologetics The Unity of Being (wa.dat al-wuj.d) The Perfect Man (ins.n-i k.mil) Sainthood (wil.yat) and Prophethood (nubuwwat) Divine Unity (taw..d) Vision of God (ru’y. allah) Knowledge (.ilm) The Divine Faculty (quwwa quds.yya) Imitation (taql.d) The Spiritual Path (.ar.qat) Master and Guide The Muslims and the Faithful (mu.min) The Tried and Tested Faithful Believer (mu.min mumta.an) Authentic Sufis (..f.yya .aqqa) The School of Illumination (ishr.q) Intuitive Philosophy (dhawq-i ta’aluh) Sufism and Pseudo-Sufism Imitators of Sufis (mutishabih.n) Upright Sufi Lookalikes (mutishabih.ni mu.iq) resume The False Sufi lookalikes (mutishabih.n-i mub.il) The Naqshband. Order Mast Ali Sh.h and Jurist-Sufi Conflict in Q.j.r Iran Conclusion Chapter Seven Conclusion: Ni.matullah. Shi.ite Sufism in Q.j.r Persia Introduction The Intellectual Contribution of .usayn .Al. Sh.h to the Ni.matull.h. Order The Intellectual Contribution of Majdh.b .Al. Sh.h to the Defence of