Principles of Health Care Ethics

Richard Edmund Ashcroft, Reader in Biomedical Ethics, Imperial College, London, UK. Angus Dawson, Director, Centre for Professional Ethics, University of Keele, UK.Heather Draper, Senior Lecturer in Healthcare Ethics, University of Birmingham, UK.John McMillan, Senior Lecturer in Medical Ethics, Hull-York Medical School, UK.

• List of Contributors xiForeword: Raanan E. Gillon xixForeword: Tony Hope xxiPreface xxiiiPART I: METHODOLOGY AND PERSPECTIVESIntroduction by John R. McMillan 11 The 'Four Principles' Approach to Health Care Ethics 3Tom L. Beauchamp2 Theories of Autonomy 11Natalie Stoljar3 Benefi cence 19Garrett Cullity4 Responsibilities for Poverty-Related Ill Health 27Thomas Pogge5 Liberalism and Communitarianism 35Colin Tyler6 How Many Principles for Bioethics? 43Robert M. Veatch7 Casuistical Reasoning in Medical Ethics 51Albert R. Jonsen8 Utilitarianism and Bioethics 57Matti Häyry9 Deontology 65David A. McNaughton and J. Piers Rawling10 Kantian Ethics 73Onora O'Neill11 Feminist Approaches to Health Care Ethics 79Susan Sherwin12 Virtue Theory 87Justin Oakley13 Moral Relativism 93Mark Sheehan14 Christian Approaches to Bioethics 99Heather Widdows15 Judaism and Medicine: Jewish Medical Ethics 109Fred Rosner16 The Search for Islamic Bioethics Principles 117Abdulaziz Sachedina17 Buddhist Bioethics 127James Hughes18 South Asian Approaches to Health Care Ethics 135Harold Coward19 The Specious Idea of an Asian Bioethics: Beyond Dichotomizing East and West 143Jing-Bao Nie20 Narrative Ethics 151Howard Brody21 Empirical Approaches to Health Care Ethics 159Jeremy Sugarman, Robert A. Pearlman, Holly A. Taylor22 Medical Sociology and the Redundancy of Empirical Ethics 167Adam Hedgecoe23 The Use of Thought Experiments in Health Care Ethics 177Adrian Walsh24 Deliberative Bioethics 185Michael Parker25 Law, Ethics and Health Care 193Sheila A.M. McLean26 Medical Humanities: An Overview 199Martyn Evans27 Reflective Equilibrium as a Method in Health Care Ethics 207Theo van Willigenburg28 Hermeneutic Ethics between Practice and Theory 215Guy A.M. Widdershoven, Tineke A. Abma29 Paternalism in Health Care and Health Policy 223James F. Childress30 Need: An Instrumental View 231Anthony J. Culyer31 Rights 239James G.S. Wilson32 Exploitation in Health Care 247Alan Wertheimer33 Competence to Consent 255Monique F. Jonas34 The Doctrine of Double Effect 263Suzanne Uniacke35 Ordinary and Extraordinary Means 269Stephen D. John36 Acts and Omissions 273Tuija Takala37 Personhood and Moral Status 277Ainsley J. Newson38 Commodifi cation 285Stephen WilkinsonPART II: ISSUES IN HEALTH CARE PRACTICEIntroduction by Heather Draper 29339 Consent and Informed Consent 297Neil C. Manson40 Treatment Decisions for Incapacitated Patients 305Rebecca S. Dresser41 Children's Consent to Medical Treatment 311David W. Archard42 Patients and Disclosure of Surgical Risk 319Justin Oakley43 Confi dentiality 325Rebecca Bennett44 Truth Telling, Lying and the Doctor-Patient Relationship 333Roger Higgs45 Personal Beliefs and Patient Care 339Jennifer Jackson46 Conscience and Health Care Ethics 345Piers Benn47 Care in Families 351Hilde Lindemann48 The Ethics of Primary Health Care 357Annettee J. Braunack-Mayer49 The Nurse-Patient Relationship: A 'Principles plus Care' Account 365Steven D. Edwards50 Dual Responsibilities: Do They Raise Any Different Ethical Issues from 'Normal' Therapeutic Relationships? 371Ann Sommerville and Veronica English51 Violent and Abusive Patients: An Ethically Informed Response 379G.M. Behr, J.S. Emmanuel, J.P. Ruddock52 The Moral Signifi cance of the Human Foetus 387Norman Ford53 Will We Need Abortion in Utopia? 393Adrienne Asch54 Maternal-Foetal Confl ict 401Rosamund Scott55 Limits to Reproductive Liberty 409Thomas H. Murray56 Disability without Denial 415Tom Sorell57 Disability and Equity: Should Difference Be Welcomed? 421Tom Shakespeare58 Genetic Counselling 427Angus Clarke59 Ethics and Psychotherapy: An Issue of Trust 435Tim Bond60 Mental Illness and Compulsory Treatment 443John R. McMillan61 Personality Disorders and Compulsory Detention 449Matt Matravers62 Labia mea, Domine: Media, Morality and Eating Disorders 455Simona Giordano63 Intellectual Disability 463Pekka Louhiala64 Ethical Issues and Health Care for Older People 469Julian C. Hughes65 Organs and Tissues for Transplantation and Research 475David P.T. Price66 Living Donor Organ Transplantation 483Timothy M. Wilkinson67 Euthanasia and Principled Health Care Ethics: From Confl ict to Compromise? 489Richard Huxtable68 Understanding and Misunderstanding Death 497David Lamb69 Ethics without Boundaries: Medical Tourism 505Guido Pennings70 Ethics of Performance Enhancement in Sport: Drugs and Gene Doping 511Bennett Foddy, Julian Savulescu71 Training Good Professionals: Ethics and Health Care Education 521Nafsika Athanassoulis72 Ethics Consultation and Ethics Committees 527Anne SlowtherPART III: MEDICINE IN SOCIETYIntroduction by Angus Dawson 53573 The Concepts of Health and Illness 537Lennart Y. Nordenfelt74 Community in Public Health Ethics 543Bruce Jennings75 Health Promotion, Society and Health Care Ethics 549Alan Cribb76 Preventing Disease 557Marcel Verweij77 Quantitative Methods for Priority-Setting in Health: Ethical Issues 563Daniel Wikler, Dan W. Brock, Sarah Marchand, and Tessa Tan Torres78 Economics, Political Philosophy and Ethics: The Role of Public Preferences in Health Care Decision-Making 569Jeff Richardson, John McKie79 Decision Analysis: The Ethical Approach to Most Health Decision Making 577Jack Dowie80 Health Inequities and the Social Determinants of Health 585Wendy Rogers81 Organizational Ethics in Health Care 593Jacob E. Kurlander, Marion Danis82 Ethical Issues in Epidemiology 601Steven S. Coughlin83 Screening: Ethical Aspects 607Niklas Juth, Christian Munthe84 Vaccination Ethics 617Angus Dawson85 The Patient as Victim and Vector: Bioethics and the Challenge of Infectious Diseases 623Margaret P. Battin, Linda S. Carr-Lee, Leslie P. Francis, Jay A. Jacobson, Charles B. Smith86 Bioterrorism, Society and Health Care Ethics 631Michael J. Selgelid87 Drug Addiction, Society and Ethics 639Wayne Hall, Adrian Carter88 Smoking: Is Acceptance of the Risks Fully Voluntary? 647Robert E. Goodin89 Doctors and Human Rights 655Doris Schroeder90 Duties to Refugees and Asylum Seekers in Host Countries' Medical Systems 663Pascale Allotey, Hilary Pickles, Vanessa Johnston91 Medical Aid in Disaster Relief 671Soren HolmPART IV: RESEARCH ETHICS AND ETHICS OF NEW TECHNOLOGIESIntroduction by Richard E. Ashcroft 67992 The Ethics and Governance of Medical Research 681Richard E. Ashcroft93 On The Ethics of Animal Research 689David DeGrazia94 The Ethical Requirement for Systematic Reviews for Randomized Trials 697Mike Clarke95 Informed Consent for Research 703James Flory, David Wendler and Ezekiel Emanuel96 Evaluating Benefi ts and Harms in Clinical Research 711Paul B. Miller and Charles Weijer97 Patients' Obligations? 719Simon Woods98 Standard of Care Owed to Participants in Clinical Trials: Different Standards in Different Countries? 729Reidar K. Lie99 Justice and Priority Setting in International Health Care Research 735Solomon R. Benatar100 Obligations of the Pharmaceutical Industry 743Udo Schuklenk and Jim Gallagher101 Ethics and Medical Publishing 751Richard Smith and Iain Chalmers102 Human Reproductive Cloning 759D. Gareth Jones and Kerry A. Galvin103 Obtaining Human Eggs for Stem Cell Research: Ethical Issues 767Heather Draper104 The Ethics of Xenotransplantation 775Jonathan Hughes105 Pharmacogenomics 783Ruth Chadwick106 Ethical Issues in Human Gene Transfer: A Historical Overview 789Eric T. Juengst and Hannah Grankvist107 The Ethics of Ageing, Immortality and Genetics 797Daniela Cutas and John Harris108 Ethical Issues of Enhancement Technologies 803Ruud H.J. Ter Meulen, Lisbeth Nielsen, Laurens Landeweerd109 Psychosurgery and Neuroimplantation: Changing What is Deep Within a Person 811Grant Gillett110 Resisting Addiction: Novel Application of Vaccines 819Andreas HasmanIndex 827

"It is probably now the single most comprehensive bioethics textbook available … This is a very fine book indeed." (BMA Medical Book Competition - Programme and Award Winners, September 2008) “Serve[s] as a reference text of concise reviews and as a medical ethics sampler. Such approachable original essays by authors who are experts in their respective fields will serve as excellent teaching tools, and I anticipate referring house staff, nurses, and therapists to them … .Serve[s] as a source of intriguing insights on topics not commonly on the clinical ethics table. It offers clinicians and medical practitioners a starting place to understand key concepts and problems in medical ethics. As such, it is a valuable reference text.” (Respiratory Care, April 2008)"This is a well though out book covering a wide variety of ethical problems in healthcare. It provides those interested in healthcare ethics a great resource for starting their inquiry and would be a valuable inquisition." (Doody's, November 2007)