"Serge Gruzinski calls attention to the human consequences for indigenous peoples across the Americas of the drastic changes wrought by European languages and writing technologies. This book provides a vital twenty-first century counterpart to J. H. Elliott's The Old World and the New."Andrew Laird, Brown University, author of Aztec Latin"Rapidly mastering the languages of the conquerors brought new speakers to reinvent how and what to tell, in writing. This groundbreaking book is not just a history of hegemonic alphabetization, or of indigenous resistance to Latin and Spanish. It's a history of that active reinventing, one that becomes inspirational well beyond the early modern times."Alessandra Russo, Columbia University, author of A New Antiquity