Introduction to Applied and Environmental Geophysics

John M. Reynolds is the author of An Introduction to Applied and Environmental Geophysics, 2nd Edition, published by Wiley.

• Preface to the 2nd Edition xiAcknowledgements xiii1 Introduction 11.1 What are ‘applied’ and ‘environmental’ geophysics? 11.2 Geophysical methods 31.3 Matching geophysical methods to applications 51.4 Planning a geophysical survey 51.5 Geophysical survey design 92 Gravity Methods 192.1 Introduction 192.2 Physical basis 192.3 Measurement of gravity 242.4 Gravity meters 262.5 Corrections to gravity observations 342.6 Interpretation methods 452.7 Applications and case histories 593 Geomagnetic Methods 833.1 Introduction 833.2 Basic concepts and units of geomagnetism 833.3 Magnetic properties of rocks 873.4 The Earth’s magnetic field 893.5 Magnetic instruments 953.6 Magnetic surveying 1003.7 Qualitative interpretation 1033.8 Quantitative interpretation 1073.9 Applications and case histories 1234 Applied Seismology: Introduction and Principles 1434.1 Introduction 1434.2 Seismic waves 1444.3 Raypath geometry in layered ground 1494.4 Loss of seismic energy 1524.5 Seismic energy sources 1544.6 Detection and recording of seismic waves 1695 Seismic Refraction Surveying 1795.1 Introduction 1795.2 General principles of refraction surveying 1795.3 Geometry of refracted raypaths 1825.4 Interpretational methods 1865.5 Applications and case histories 1935.6 Shear wave methods 2086 Seismic Reflection Surveying 2176.1 Introduction 2176.2 Reflection surveys 2176.3 Reflection data processing 2286.4 Correlating seismic data with borehole logs and cones 2466.5 Interpretation 2506.6 Applications 2577 Electrical Resistivity Methods 2897.1 Introduction 2897.2 Basic principles 2897.3 Electrode configurations and geometric factors 2937.4 Modes of deployment 3017.5 Interpretation methods 3117.6 ERT applications and case histories 3267.7 Mise-`a-la-masse (MALM) method 3367.8 Leak detection through artificial membranes 3468 Spontaneous (Self) Potential Methods 3498.1 Introduction 3498.2 Occurrence of self-potentials 3498.3 Origin of self-potentials 3498.4 Measurement of self-potentials 3538.5 Corrections to SP data 3548.6 Interpretation of self-potential anomalies 3548.7 Applications and case histories 3578.8 Electrokinetic (EK) surveying 3719 Induced Polarisation 3739.3 Measurement of induced polarisation 3769.4 Applications and case histories 38410 Electromagnetic Methods: Introduction and Principles 40310.1 Introduction 40310.2 Principles of EM surveying 40710.3 Airborne EM surveying 41110.4 Seaborne EM surveying 41810.5 Borehole EM surveying 42611 Electromagnetic Methods: Systems and Applications 43111.1 Introduction 43111.2 Continuous-wave (CW) systems 43111.3 Pulse-transient (TEM) or time-domain (TDEM) EM systems 46712 Electromagnetic Methods: Systems and Applications II 49512.1 Very-low-frequency (VLF) methods 49512.2 The telluric method 50212.3 The magnetotelluric (MT) method 50512.4 Magnetic Resonance Sounding (MRS) 51913 Introduction to Ground-Penetrating Radar 53513.1 Introduction 53513.2 Principles of operation 53713.3 Propagation of radiowaves 53913.4 Dielectric properties of earth materials 54613.5 Modes of data acquisition 55213.6 Data processing 55413.7 Interpretation techniques 56014 Ground-Penetrating Radar: Applications and Case Histories 56514.1 Geological mapping 56514.2 Hydrogeology and groundwater contamination 57114.3 Glaciological applications 57814.4 Engineering applications on manmade structures 58714.5 Voids within manmade structures 59914.6 Archaeological investigations 60314.7 Forensic uses of GPR 60714.8 Wide-aperture radar mapping and migration processing 60714.9 Borehole radar 60914.10 UXO and landmine detection 61714.11 Animals 61815 Radiometrics 62515.1 Introduction 62515.2 Natural radiation 62515.3 Radioactivity of rocks 62815.4 Radiation detectors 62815.5 Data correction methods 63315.6 Radiometric data presentation 63515.7 Case histories 636Appendix 645References 649Index 681

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